Mister Guru

Pada kesempatan kali ini, kita akan membahas tentang struktur atau susunan kalimat dalam bentuk Past Perfect tense serta bagaimana penggunaannya. Untuk mempermudah kita dalam mempelajarinya, pembahasan ini dilengkapi dengan contoh kalimat serta latihan soal yang dapat kita kerjakan di akhir pembelajaran. Selamat belajar.

I. Struktur Past Perfect Tense

Struktur Past Perfect tense cukup mudah untuk diingat dan dipahami. Untuk kalimat positif, lihatlah struktur berikut:Contoh kalimat:

1. (+) I had been there. / I'd been there.
   (?) Had I been there?
   (-) I had not been there. / I hadn't been there
2. (+) He had worked hard. / He'd worked hard.
   (?) Had he worked hard?
   (-) He had not worked hard. / He hadn't worked hard.
3. (+) They had gone away. / They'd gone away.
   (?) Had they gone away?
   (-) They had not gone away. / They hadn't gone away.

Catatan:

1. Untuk kalimat tanya (interrogative / question), letakkan kata kerja bantu "had" di depan subyek. Contoh; "Had they gone?"
2. Untuk kalimat menyangkal (negative), tambahkan "not" di belakang kata kerja bantu "had". Contoh; "They hadn't gone?"
3. Dalam percakapan, had seringkali disingkat dengan cara yang sama seperti saat kita menyingkat kata would menjadi 'd. Perbedaannya ada pada kata kerja yang mengikutinya. Pada Past Perfect tense, 'd selalu diikuti oleh verb-3 (past participle), sedangkan kata "would" yang disingkat menjadi 'd selalu diikuti oleh verb-1 (infinitive). Contoh:
   • They'd gone = They had gone.
   • They'd go = They would go.
   • She'd sung = She had sung.
   • She'd sing = She would sing.

II. Penggunaan Past Perfect Tense

Bagaimana dan kapan kita menggunakan bentuk Past Perfect Tense?

1. Past Perfect Tense digunakan untuk membicarakan kejadian/tindakan yang terjadi sebelum sebuah kejadian/tindakan lainnya terjadi di waktu lampau. Jadi, Past Perfect Tense menunjukkan kejadian/tindakan yang terjadi lebih dulu sebelum kejadian/tindakan lainnya. Contoh:
   • The train left at 7am. We arrived at 7.10am. When we arrived, the train had left. The train had left when we arrived.
   • The fact that he came late wasn't surprising to me. It had happened a few times before.
2. Past Perfect Tense digunakan sebagai bentuk yang setara dengan Present Perfect tense, misal dalam kalimat tidak langsung (Indirect / Reported speech). Contoh:
   • He said, "I have submitted the report." ~ He said that he had submitted the report.
   • She said, "I've lost my wallet." ~ She said that she had lost his wallet.
3. Past Perfect Tense digunakan dalam kalimat Conditional (If - conditional) tipe ke 3. Kalimat conditional tipe ke 3 ini digunakan untuk mengungkapkan pengandaian tentang kejadian / keadaan di masa lampau yang tidak sesuai dengan fakta yang sebenarnya. Contoh:
   • If you had arrived ten minutes earlier, you wouldn't have missed the train. (Fakta: you didn't arrive ten minutes earlier and you missed the train)
   • He would have been soaking wet if he hadn't worn a raincoat. (Fakta: He wasn't wet because he wore a raincoat.)
4. Sama halnya dengan when pada penggunaan pertama (no. 1) di atas, Past Perfect Tense bisa digunakan bersama Simple Past tense as soon as, the moment, immediately, till/until, before, after untuk menegaskan atau memperjelas bahwa kegiatan atau peristiwa yang dimaksud terjadi atau selesai dilakukan sebelum kegiatan lainnya di masa lampau. Contoh:
   • When he had shut the window, he turned on the AC.
   • Before we had reached the basecamp, the rain poured down.
   Pelajari lebih jauh DI SINI.

A. Put the verbs in brackets into the past perfect tense.

1. They were very tired. They (work) hard all day.
2. I didn't know her. I (never met) her before.
3. When the accident happened, I (finish) working at my garden.
4. They found out that some burglars (break) into their house.
5. When the cops arrived, the thieves (run) away.
6. Sue did not go to work that day. She (be) sick for a week.
7. We (not leave) the meeting room.
8. you (arrive)?
9. they (had) dinner?
10. Some of the students (not do) the assignment.

B. Put the verbs in brackets into the Simple Past or the Past Perfect tense.

1. Jim (wait) for an hour when the bus (show) up.
2. The classroom (look) clean. The students (clean) them when we (get) there.
3. We (try) to chase the car after it (hit) the motorist.
4. As soon as they (left) the building, it finally (collapse).
5. I (hear) about his resignation before you (tell) me.
6. Before I (become) a teacher in 2015, I (work) as an Assistant Manager for 6 years.
7. The burglars (escape) before the cops (arrive) at the scene.
8. If she (read) the announcement, she would have known about the change of schedule.
9. Diane (tell) me that she (send) the goods on the previous day.
10. The engine (break) after the race (start) for 10 minutes.

C. The Simple Past or the Past Perfect tense? Do this online exercise.
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ika sebelumnya kita sudah belajar tentang Simple Past tense dan Present Continuous tense, pada materi ini kita akan membahas tentang bentuk waktu lain yang juga sangat penting untuk dipelajari dalam bahasa Inggris, yaitu "Past Continuous tense".

Past continuous tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan saat kita membicarakan suatu aktifitas atau peristiwa yang sedang dilakukan atau sedang terjadi pada saat tertentu di masa lampau.

Sebagai ilustrasi, lihatlah gambar di atas dan perhatikan bentuk kata kerja (verbs) pada kalimat-kalimat dalam paragraf singkat berikut ini:

Perhatikan kalimat dengan kata kerja (verbs) dicetak tebal, yaitu:

• At ten o'clock, Nancy was working out.
• She wasn't cooking.

Kata-kata yang dicetak tebal pada kedua kalimat di atas inilah contoh kata kerja dalam bentuk Continuous tense.

I. Bentuk dan Struktur Past Continuous tense

A. Kalimat Afirmatif / positif.

Subject	Auxiliary verb BE	Main verb (verb-ing)
I	was	working.
We She and I My friends and I	were were were	working. working. working.
You	were	working.
They The men My friends	were were were	working. working. working.
He She It Nancy The man	was was was was was	working. working. working. working. working.

B. Kalimat Interogatif / tanya.

Auxiliary verb BE	Subject	Main verb (verb-ing)?
Was	I	working?
Were Were Were	we she and I my friends and I	working? working? working?
Were	you	working?
Were Were Were	they the men my friends	working? working? working?
Was Was Was Was Was	he she it Nancy the man	working? working? working? working? working?

C. Kalimat Negatif / penyangkalan.

Subject	Auxiliary verb BE + NOT	Main verb (verb-ing)
I	was not (wasn't)	working.
We She and I My friends and I	were not (weren't) were not (weren't) were not (weren't)	working. working. working.
You	were not (weren't)	working.
They The men My friends	were not (weren't) were not (weren't) were not (weren't)	working. working. working.
He She It Nancy The man	was not (wasn't) was not (wasn't) was not (wasn't) was not (wasn't) was not (wasn't)	working. working. working. working. working.

II. Penggunaan Past Continuous tense.

Past Continuous tense pada umumnya digunakan untuk tujuan-tujuan berikut ini:

1. Membicarakan kegiatan / peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Kegiatan / peristiwa tersebut dimulai sebelum waktu itu, dan saat itu masih sedang terjadi dan belum berakhir.
   Contoh kalimat:
   • At ten o'clock, Nancy was working out. She wasn't cooking. She started cooking at nine, and finished at eleven.
   • Yesterday I watched a movie on the internet. The movie started at 7 pm and finished at 9 pm. At 8 pm yesterday, I was watching the movie.
   
2. Dalam bercerita, past continuous tense umumnya digunakan untuk menggambarkan situasi yang menjadi latar belakang sebuah adegan. Cerita tersebut seringkali dimulai dengan past continuous tense untuk menggambarkan peristiwa yang menjadi latar belakang, lalu dilanjutkan dengan kalimat dalam simple past tense untuk menceritakan adegan yang terjadi.
   Contoh:
   "The farmer and his wife were working in their farm. The sun was shining. The wind was blowing gently. The birds were chirping on the trees around the farm. Suddenly, they heard a loud explosion from the barn."
3. Past continuous tense sering digunakan bersama simple past tense dengan kata penghubung "when" atau "while" untuk 2 (dua) peristiwa/kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu yang bersamaan di masa lampau. Past continuous tense digunakan untuk peristiwa/kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung saat peristiwa/kegiatan lainnya terjadi (biasanya menggunakan bentuk simple past tense). Jadi past continuous membicarakan peristiwa/kegiatan yang lebih lama, sedangkan simple past tense membicarakan peristiwa yang tiba-tiba terjadi pada saat itu.

   Pada contoh kalimat di bawah ini, ada 2 (dua) peristiwa/kegiatan yang sedang dibicarakan.

   1. Kegiatan yang lebih lama (she was watching a movie at 8 pm), menggunakan bentuk past continuous tense.
   2. Peristiwa yang tiba-tiba terjadi (the door opened), menggunakan bentuk simple past tense.
   Kedua peristiwa/kegiatan tersebut bisa diungkapkan dalam satu kalimat dengan menggunakan kata hubung "when" (untuk peristiwa yang tiba-tiba terjadi) atau "while" (untuk kegiatan yang lebih lama). Contoh-contoh kalimat di bawah ini menggunakan 4 (empat) kombinasi yang berbeda:
   • She was watching a movie when the door opened.
   • When the door opened, she was watching a movie.
   • While she was watching a movie, the door opened.
   • The door opened while she was watching a movie.
   Catat bahwa "when the door opened" juga merupakan keterangan waktu.
4. Past Continuous juga sering digunakan dengan "while" untuk membicarakan dua kegiatan / peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung secara bersamaan di waktu lampau. Kedua kegiatan / peristiwa tersebut berlangsung selama beberapa lama, dan keduanya menggunakan bentuk Past Continuous tense. Contoh:
   • While I was sunbathing, my friends were playing beach volleyball.
   • He was playing a video game while his sister was watching a movie.
   • The mechanic was repairing the car while Andy was curiously watching him.
5. Past continuous seringkali digunakan bersama frase "I was wondering if you could/would…….., I was hoping, and I was thinking". Di sini, past continuous digunakan agar permintaan atau saran terdengar lebih halus dan sopan. Contoh:
   • I was wondering if you’d like to go out with me for dinner one evening.
   • I was hoping you would be able to come to my party.
6. Past continuous digunakan untuk menggambarkan situasi yang sedang berubah. Contoh:
   • It was getting darker. The wind was rising.
   • Despite the headwinds created by the COVID-19, the economy was recovering.
7. Pada kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech), past continuous digunakan untuk mengganti kata kerja berbentuk present continuous. Contoh:
   • Ann said, "I am still working."
     Ann said that she was still working.
8. Sama halnya dengan present continuous, ada beberapa kata kerja (verbs) yang tidak biasa digunakan dalam bentuk past continuous.

A. Ubahlah kata kerja di dalam kurung ke dalam bentuk Past Continuous tense yang benar.

1. John (work) in his office at 10 am this morning.
2. When I walked past his house, he (mow) the lawn.
3. The sun (shine) while the afternoon breeze (blow).
4. The teacher (explain) his lesson when the fire alarm went off.
5. Jane (practice) the piano at 8 pm last night.
6. He (not joke) when he told the news.
7. The children (not play) football at 4 pm this afternoon.
8. What you (do) at 7 pm last night?
9. What he (do) when you entered the room?
10. Mom (cook) when Dad called her.
11. We (work) in the garden when it started to rain.
12. She left early because it (snow).
13. They (visit) the museum at 10 am this morning.
14. At 8 am yesterday morning, the students (do) their test.
15. At that time, the moon (hide) behind the cloud.

B. Ubahlah kata kerja di dalam kurung ke dalam bentuk Past Continuous tense atau Simple Past tense.

1. When the principal (appear) at the classroom door, some students (make) a presentation. They (talk) about cyberbullying while others (listen) attentively.
2. At 8 am this morning, they (clean) the room. They (start) working at 7 and (finish) at about 10.
3. The boys (practice) when David (call). He (say) that he was still at work.

	KOMPETENSI DASAR
3.6	Menganalisis fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan teks interaksi transaksional lisan dan tulis yang melibatkan tindakan memberi dan meminta informasi terkait keadaan / tindakan / kegiatan / kejadian yang dilakukan/terjadi di waktu lampau yang merujuk waktu terjadinya dan kesudahannya, sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya. (Perhatikan unsur kebahasaan simple past tense vs present perfect tense)
4.6	Menyusun teks interaksi transaksional, lisan dan tulis, pendek dan sederhana, yang melibatkan tindakan unsur dan meminta informasi terkait keadaan/tindakan/kegiatan/kejadian yang dilakukan/terjadi di waktu lampau yang merujuk waktu terjadinya dan kesudahannya, dengan memperhatikan fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan yang benar dan sesuai konteks.

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imple Past tense adalah bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk membicarakan kegiatan atau kejadian di waktu lampau. Ada beberapa tenses yang bisa digunakan untuk membicarakan sesuatu yang terjadi di masa lampau, akan tetapi simple past tense inilah yang paling sering digunakan. Dalam materi ini, kita akan mempelajari bentuk atau struktur serta penggunaan Simple Past tense melalui contoh-contoh kalimat dan latihan soal untuk membantu kalian dalam belajar.

1. Bagaimana struktur kalimat dan bentuk kata kerja Simple Past tense?

Untuk membuat kalimat dalam Simple Past tense, kita menggunakan;
Struktur kalimat positif, kalimat tanya, dan kalimat negatif dalam Simple Past tense secara lengkap adalah sebagai berikut:
Lihatlah contoh-contoh kalimat dalam Simple Past tense berikut ini.

Contoh kalimat positif dalam Simple Past tense

Subject	Past verb (verb 2)
I	sent	the email yesterday.
He	cleaned	the windows this morning.
Alya	planted	a flower in the garden.

Contoh kalimat tanya dalam Simple Past tense

Did	subject	verb 1
Did	you	send	the email yesterday?
Did	he	clean	the windows this morning?
Did	Alya	plant	a flower in the garden?

Contoh kalimat negatif dalam Simple Past tense

Subject	did not (didn't)	verb 1
I	did not (didn't)	send	the email yesterday.
He	did not (didn't)	clean	the windows this morning.
Alya	did not (didn't)	plant	a flower in the garden.

Di bawah ini adalah contoh beberapa kata kerja dasar (verb 1), baik regular maupun irregular verbs, dengan perubahannya dalam bentuk Simple Past (verb 2).

Regular verbs		Irregular verbs
Verb 1	Verb 2	Verb 1	Verb 2
base	based	blow	blew
work	worked	go	went
want	wanted	come	came
like	liked	see	saw
visit	visited	read	read
play	played	write	wrote

Untuk daftar irregular verbs yang lebih lengkap, bisa dilihat dan diunduh di halaman Daftar Irregular Verbs Lengkap Dengan Artinya.

2. Bagaimana dengan kata kerja "to be" dalam Simple Past tense?

Penting diketahui bahwa kata kerja "to be" tidak menggunakan struktur kalimat past tense seperti di atas. Kata kerja "to be" (was, were) tidak membutuhkan auxiliary pada kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya. Subyek I/he/she/it membutuhkan bentuk "to be" was, sedangkan we/you/they membutuhkan bentuk "to be" were. Perhatikan struktur kalimat Simple Past tense dengan kata kerja "to be" berikut ini:

Struktur kalimat Simple Past tense dengan kata kerja "to be"

	Subject	to be
(+)	I He They	was was were	here yesterday. here yesterday. here yesterday.
(?)	Were Was Were	you he they	here yesterday? here yesterday? here yesterday?
(-)	I He They	was not (wasn't) was not (wasn't) were not (weren't)	here yesterday. here yesterday. here yesterday.

3. Bagaimana dan kapan kita menggunakan Simple Past tense?

Seperti yang telah disebutkan di atas, Simple Past tense adalah bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk kegiatan atau kejadian di waktu lampau. Karena itu, Simple Past tense hampir selalu digunakan dalam teks recount tentang pengalaman seseorang atau biografi seorang tokoh, narrative, seperti dongeng, legenda, dan cerita rakyat, serta teks berita (news item).

Secara lebih spesifik, Simple Past tense digunakan untuk:

• Membicarakan suatu keadaan, kejadian atau kegiatan di waktu lampau dan waktu kejadiannya disebutkan atau sudah diketahui. Contoh:
  • The coronavirus first surfaced in a Chinese seafood and poultry market in Wuhan at the end of 2019.
  • On January 11 2020, Chinese state media reported the first known death from an illness caused by the virus.
  • Wage Rudolf Supratman, the writer of "Indonesia Raya" national anthem, was born on March 9, 1903 in Somongari, Purworejo, Central Java.
• Membicarakan suatu keadaan, kejadian atau kegiatan yang sudah jelas terjadi di waktu lampau meskipun waktu kejadian tidak disebutkan secara spesifik. Contoh:
  • I graduated from a vocational high school in Probolinggo.
  • She worked in that factory for two years. (but she does not work there now.)
  • I bought this book in a book market in Malang.
• Membicarakan suatu keadaan, kejadian atau kegiatan yang terjadi di suatu periode waktu lampau yang tidak mungkin akan terjadi lagi. Contoh:
  • Ismail Marzuki wrote at least 22 songs in his life.
  • My father took me to the zoo twice when I was a child.
  • It rained three times last week.
  Di sinilah letak perbedaan Simple Past dengan Present Perfect tense.

  Peristiwa-peristiwa lampau dalam kalimat contoh di atas tidak mungkin akan terjadi lagi karena jangka waktunya sudah berakhir. Jika jangka waktu masih belum berakhir dan masih ada kemungkinan untuk terjadi lagi, kita harus menggunakan bentuk Present Perfect tense.

• Menanyakan kapan waktu terjadinya suatu keadaan, kejadian, atau kegiatan di waktu lampau. Contoh:
  • When did you arrive from Surabaya?
  • When did you meet her?
  • What time did you leave the office last night?
• Dengan adverbs of frequency seperti always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never, Simple Past digunakan untuk membicarakan kebiasaan di masa lampau, sama seperti penggunaan used to untuk membicarakan kebiasaan lampau. Contoh:
  • My father always picked me up from school.
  • They never came late.
  • He was always busy in the morning.
• Membuat kalimat conditional (conditional sentence) type 2. Contoh:
  • If you took a closer look, you would be able to see the difference between these two pictures.
  • If they weren't so noisy, we would be able to concentrate.
  • It would not be so cold if you closed that window.