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pakah yang dimaksud dengan PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVE? Participial adjective adalah bentuk participle, yang berfungsi sebagai ajektiva. Ajektiva (adjective), atau seringkali disebut sebagai kata sifat, memiliki fungsi untuk menjelaskan kata benda (nouns).

Participle itu sendiri sebenarnya adalah turunan dari kata kerja (verb). Ada 2 (dua) jenis participle, yaitu;

1. Present participle, yang dikenal sebagai kata kerja (verb) berakhiran -ing, contoh; interesting, drawing, amazing, shocking, dsb.
2. Past participle, atau dikenal sebagai kata kerja ke-3 (verb 3), contoh; interested, drawn, amazed, shocked, dsb.

A. Perbedaan antara Present Participle dengan Past Participle

Sebagai kata sifat, kedua jenis participle ini memberikan makna yang berbeda terhadap kata benda yang dibicarakan. Lihat contoh kalimat yang menggunakan participle di bawah ini:

B. Daftar Participial Adjective

Kenalilah beberapa participial adjective yang ada di dalam daftar berikut dan cobalah memahami maknanya. Lengkapilah daftar ini dengan participial adjective yang kalian ketahui.

Verb	Present Participle	Past Participle
bore	boring	bored
excite	exciting	excited
confuse	confusing	confused
sort	sorting	sorted
surprise	surprising	surprised
enclose	enclosing	enclosed
include	including	included
amaze	amazing	amazed
astonish	astonishing	astonished
terrify	terrifying	terrified
disappoint	disappointing	disappointed
break	breaking	broken
write	writing	written
interest	interesting	interested
threaten	threatening	threatened

A. Horse Race Game

To win the horse race. Choose the correct answer for each of the following sentences. Only the fastest answer can get the full score and all others get only half a point. Now, let's get the race started.

B. Sentence Completion Exercise

Do the following exercise. Use either present participle or past participle of the verbs in the brackets.

1. The ... announcement has raised questions among the students. (confuse)
2. The ... students did not know what uniform to wear on the following day. (confuse)
3. The ... film caused me to fall asleep. (bore)
4. The ... audience fell asleep during the speech. (bore)
5. The ... brochure provides tourists with the information they need. (enclose)
6. The team were ... when they heard about the approval. (excite).
7. I was very ... to see what was happening at that time. (shock)
8. This is one of the most ... books I’ve ever read. (interest)
9. The children soon fell asleep after the ... journey. (tire)
10. Our vacation was ruined by the ... experience. (frighten)
11. Aceh was completely destroyed by a ... tsunami on December 26, 2004. (devastate)
12. The process of repairing ... buildings and streets took years to complete. (damage)
13. The snake is still a ... sight for most women. (terrify)
14. The ... workers sat down to rest under the shade of a tree. (exhaust)
15. His experiences in Jakarta were rather .... (depress)
16. The woman was trying to comfort the ... child when a policeman came. (cry)
17. Lapindo tragedy clearly wiped out many ... business opportunities in the area. (promise)
18. To anticipate the ... volume of air passengers in the holiday season, the airline has added more than 40,000 seats to 14 routes. (increase)
19. The new ... system is equipped with an advanced protection system. (operate)
20. A month after the theft, the ... jewelry was recovered. (steal)

Prev: BSE SMP Cls IX 072311 0343PM PV 5113

1. Combine the following sentences using adjective clauses. Please pay attention to the punctuation, and put commas where necessary.
2. Reduce the adjective clauses into adjective phrases

Example:

1. On 27 October 1945, a British plane from Jakarta dropped leaflets over Surabaya. They urged all Indonesian troops and militia to surrender their weapons.
   
   1. On 27 October 1945, a British plane from Jakarta dropped leaflets over Surabaya which urged all Indonesian troops and militia to surrender their weapons.
   2. On 27 October 1945, a British plane from Jakarta dropped leaflets over Surabaya urging all Indonesian troops and militia to surrender their weapons.
2. The Battle of Surabaya became a symbol of resistance to the re-imposition of Dutch colonial rule. It cost the lives of many thousands of Indonesians.
   
   1. The Battle of Surabaya, which cost the lives of many thousands of Indonesians, became a symbol of resistance to the re-imposition of Dutch colonial rule.
   2. The Battle of Surabaya, costing the lives of many thousands of Indonesians, became a symbol of resistance to the re-imposition of Dutch colonial rule.

1. Jakarta is very crowded. It is the capital city of Indonesia.
2. The car belongs to Mr. Harun. It is parked under the tree.
3. The old woman makes a very good living by selling clothes. She lives next door.
4. He borrowed a book from the library. It is about Indonesian literature.
5. The girl is very attractive. She lives opposite my house.
6. The writer has just written an article. It criticizes the system of education in Indonesia.
7. In playing football, the children use a small ball. It is made of solid rubber.
8. I have found a letter. It is addressed to one of our important clients.
9. She bought a book. It is written by a famous author.
10. I know the lady. She was driving the car.
11. Rujak Cingur is a traditional East Javanese dish. It is made of salad, chicken, and seafood.
12. The krill is a tiny sea animal. It looks like a shrimp.
13. A supernova produced the famous Crab nebula. It is a favorite among astronomers.
14. The St. Bernard is a breed of very large working dog from the Italian and Swiss Alps. It is originally bred for rescue.
15. Sunlight can be used to generate electricity by means of cells. They contain substances that emit electrons when bombarded with protons.
16. Positive thinkers look at life with an attitude of hope. It influences their environment in a way that creates positive results.
17. Cato the Elder was born in Tusculum. It was a municipal town of Latium.
18. Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in adults. It is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the retina.
19. Anne Boleyn was the second wife of King Henry VIII. She was beheaded at the age of 29.
20. A new species of tomato has been developed. It is adapted to harsh climatic conditions.
21. Edward Kazarian uses microscopes and diamond-tipped tools to create figures the size of the head of a pin. He is a master of making miniatures.
22. The vast oil spill cost millions to clean up. It smeared the coast.
23. Majapahit kingdom reached its peak of glory during the era of Hayam Wuruk. He reigned from 1350 to 1389.
24. James wrote an article. The article indicated that he disliked the president.
25. The man was brought to the police station. He confessed to the crime.

Reference:

1. Gear J & Gear R. Cambridge Preparation for the TOEFL® Test 2nd Ed. Cambridge, Cambridge UP, 1996.
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya. Accessed Sept 25, 2011.

Sebelumnya, kita sudah belajar tentang adjective clause atau relative clause serta bagaimana menggabungkan kalimat dengan menggunakan adjective clause atau relative clause.

Sekarang, kita akan mempelajari "peringkasan" adjective clause menjadi adjective phrase agar kalimat kita menjadi lebih efisien. Seperti halnya adjective clause, adjective phrase adalah salah satu testing point dalam tes TOEFL®, TOEIC®, dan Ujian Akhir Nasional (UAN) SMA dan SMK.

What is an adjective phrase?

Adjective phrase adalah "penyusutan" dari adjective clause. Fungsinya masih sama, yaitu menerangkan tentang seseorang atau sesuatu. Tidak seperti adjective clause, adjective phrase tidak memiliki subyek dan kata kerja. Pada kalimat-kalimat berikut, bagian kalimat yang bergaris bawah adalah adjective phrase.

1. In 1920, the Panama Canal was officially opened, finally linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
2. Much of the prosperity of this region is due to a cigar factory established more than one hundred years ago.
3. In 1799, a soldier discovered a piece of stele (a stone pillar bearing an inscription) known as the Rosetta stone.
4. The giant redwood trees of California, called "sequoias", will further imprint Sequoia's name in history.
5. After writing many letters seeking employment in local factories, she was finally hired by a big garment manufacturer.

Can we reduce all adjective clauses into adjective phrases?

Hanya adjective clause dengan subyek "who", "which", "that" yang bisa diringkas menjadi adjective phrase.

How to reduce an adjective clause into an adjective phrase?

Ada dua cara meringkas adjective clause menjadi adjective phrase:

1. Subyek "who", "which", "that" dan verb be dihilangkan.
   

   Reducing Adjective Clauses into Adjective Phrases

   Adjective Clauses	Adjective Phrases
   The woman who is sitting next to our headmaster is the new supervisor.	The woman sitting next to our headmaster is the new supervisor.
   The test which was given to us this morning was quite easy.	The test given to us this morning was quite easy.
   She has just moved from Pasuruan, which is a town near Probolinggo.	She has just moved from Pasuruan, a town near Probolinggo.
   The apples which are on that plate look fresh and appealing.	The apples on that plate look fresh and appealing.

2. Jika tidak ada verb be, hilangkan "who", "which", atau "that", lalu ubah Verb menjadi bentuk -ing.
   

   Reducing Adjective Clauses into Adjective Phrases

   Adjective Clauses	Adjective Phrases
   The woman who sat next to our headmaster was the new supervisor.	The woman sitting next to our headmaster was the new supervisor.
   The TOEIC® test, which consists of 200 test items, takes approximately two hours.	The TOEIC® test, consisting of 200 test items, takes approximately two hours.
   A tapeworm is a parasite that lives in the intestines of humans and animals.	A tapeworm is a parasite living in the intestines of humans and animals.

Now, practice what you've just learnt. Reduce the adjective clauses in the following sentences into adjective phrases.

1. A thunderstorm is a form of weather which is characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth's atmosphere which is known as thunder.
2. The cloud type which is associated with the thunderstorm is the cumulonimbus.
3. Thunderstorms most frequently form and develop within areas that are located at mid-latitude when warm moist air collides with cooler air.
4. Thunderstorms, and the phenomena that occur along with them, pose great hazards to populations and landscapes.
5. Damage that results from thunderstorms is mainly inflicted by downburst winds, large hailstones, and flash flooding which is caused by heavy precipitation.
6. Mesoscale convective systems which are formed by favorable vertical wind shear within the tropics and subtropics are responsible for the development of hurricanes.
7. Dry thunderstorms can cause the outbreak of wildfires with the heat that is generated from the cloud-to-ground lightning that accompanies them.
8. The falling droplets create a downdraft of air that spreads out at the Earth's surface, which causes strong winds.
9. Thunderstorms which cause hail to fall are known as hailstorms.
10. Thunderstorms, which result from the rapid upward movement of warm and moist air, can be very disastrous.

References:

1. Azar B.S. Understanding and Using English Grammar (2nd Ed). NJ: Prentice-Hall. Inc, 1989, pg.257.
2. Pyle M.A. and Munoz M.E. . TOEFL® Preparation Guide (5th Ed). Lincoln: Cliffs Notes Inc., 1995.
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderstorm. Accessed Sept 25, 2011.

TOEFL® Practice Test - Written Expression: TOEFL® Written Expression test is designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English. Let's do this preparation exercise and prepare for the TOEFL® by practicing your error identification skill.

Type: Error recognition
No. of items: 25 items
Time Allocation: 20 minutes

Directions: In this TOEFL® Practice Test, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Start of TOEFL® Practice Test - Written Expression

1. Since erect in 1886, the Statue of Liberty has served as a symbol of freedom.
2. A traveler can reach some of the village along th Amazon only by riverboat.
3. Natural predators, disturbing from tourists, and pollution have all contributed to the decline of the California condor.
4. Today the number of people which enjoy winter sports is almost double that of twenty years ago.
5. The Soay sheep, the old breed of sheep in existence, has changed little since 3500 B.C.
6. Voyager 2 is a spacecraft which has greatly expanded us knowledge of the solar system.
7. Dolphins, whales, and many other sea creatures use high sophisticated navigation systems.
8. The smallest things in the universe are, paradoxically, be explored by the largest machines.
9. Fiber is important element in nutrition, and it aids in protecting the digestive tract as well.
10. Copper is a metal which is easy worked and which mixes well with other metals to form alloys.
11. An exchange rate is the price of one currencies in terms of another.
12. The Bactrian, or Asian, camel can be identified by their two humps.
13. The first European settlement of Australia left the city of Portsmouth in May 1787.
14. Scurvy, caused by the lack of vitamin C, could kill the most of a ship's crew on a long voyage.
15. The term "Punchinello" refer to a clown in Italian puppet shows.
16. Symptoms of multiple selerosis may be eased by injecting a solution consisted of snake venom.
17. The rupture of the Mareb Dam in ancient Yemen brought it about the collapse of many small kingdoms.
18. The tiger's cunning, strength, and agile have earned it a legendary reputation.
19. Uranus is the alone planet in the solar system which is tipped on its side
20. Most critics agree that William Shakespeare was the greater writer in the English language.
21. Much nutritionists argue that people's intake of fat should be reduced.
22. The refracting telescope contains lenses that magnification the image which reaches it.
23. In some societies hired people cook, clean, take care after the children, and do the yard work.
24. Many American novelists, such as Gore Vidal, resides in other countries.
25. Some paper dolls, which were once relatively cheap, are previously considered valuable collectors' items.

End of TOEFL® Practice Test - Written Expression

Note: The actual time allocation to do this TOEFL® Practice Test - Written Expression is 20 minutes. Please set your clock for 20 minutes.
TOEFL® is a registered trademark of ETS.
Source: Gear J & Gear R. Cambridge Preparation for the TOEFL® Test 2nd Ed. Cambridge, Cambridge UP, 1996, p. 18-19.