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October 10, 2011

English Biology Quiz: Plants

Choose the best answer; A, B, C, or D to each question.
  1. Which of the following is true about all living things?
    1. They can make food.
    2. They breathe in air.
    3. They need sleep.
    4. They can think.
  2. Plants take in ... during photosynthesis.English Biology Quiz - Plants and photosynthesis
    1. carbon dioxide
    2. hydrogen
    3. nitrogen
    4. oxygen
  3. Photosynthesis happens ....
    1. only in sunlight
    2. only in the dark
    3. only part of the time
    4. all of the time
  4. Green plants can only make food ....
    1. in the day time
    2. in the night time
    3. in the morning
    4. in the evening
  5. Which of the following groups of living things can make their own food?
    1. Bird
    2. Plant
    3. Man
    4. Fish
  6. Green leaves can absorb ... from the sun.
    1. water
    2. carbon dioxide
    3. light energy
    4. oxygen
  7. Which of the following plants cannot make its own food?
    1. Hibiscus plant
    2. Papaya tree
    3. Mushroom
    4. Water lily plant
  8. The food found in the leaves of green plants is ....
    1. salt
    2. flour
    3. water
    4. starch
  9. What do you use to show that a food substance contains starch?
    1. Lime water
    2. Salt solution
    3. Iodine solution
    4. Sugar solution
  10. When a few drops of iodine solution are dropped into some starch solution, the starch turns ....
    1. blue
    2. yellow
    3. brown
    4. green
  11. In strong sunlight, green plants need water and ... to make food.
    1. good soil
    2. carbon dioxide
    3. mineral salts
    4. oxygen
  12. Plants with no green coloring in their leaves cannot ....
    1. breathe air
    2. absorb water
    3. grow well
    4. make food
  13. Green plants help to remove ... from the atmosphere.
    1. oxygen
    2. water
    3. sunlight
    4. carbon dioxide
  14. Water plants are usually put in an aquarium. This is because in strong sunlight, they supply ... to the fishes.
    1. food
    2. water
    3. energy
    4. oxygen
  15. When green plants make food during the day, they give off ....
    1. light energy
    2. oxygen
    3. carbon dioxide
    4. heat energy
  16. Green plants are planted everywhere because they help to ... the air in the atmosphere.
    1. dirty
    2. clean
    3. spoil
    4. pollute
  17. Water helps to keep a plant ....
    1. weak
    2. limp
    3. green
    4. firm
  18. Plants lose water to their surroundings mainly through the ....
    1. roots
    2. stems
    3. leaves
    4. fruits
  19. A balsam plant takes in water from ....
    1. the air
    2. the pot
    3. the soil
    4. the rocks
  20. Plants give out water as ....
    1. smoke
    2. rain
    3. ice
    4. water vapor


Untuk mengerjakan latihan ini dalam bentuk CBT, klik di sini

October 09, 2011

Listening Test Strategy, Tips and Trick in TOEIC® and UNBK: Analyzing Pictures

In TOEIC® test and UAN (Ujian Akhir Nasional), or the Final Test taken by third year students of SMA and SMK, there is a section called Analyzing Pictures. In this section, the examinee has to choose one statement or sentence which best matches the picture shown. Skills development in analyzing both pictures and answer choices are needed to improve TOEIC® and UAN score.

Here are the strategies which can help improve your skills in analyzing pictures in TOEIC® and UAN test.

Strategies in TOEIC® Test - Part 1; Analyzing Pictures

  1. Make Assumptions
    2. When you listen to the TOEIC® test Part 1, you often have to make assumptions based on what you see in the picture. You have to determine which of the four statements is true or might be true.

    Problem:
    More than one answers may seem true.
    Solution:
    Listen carefully to the whole sentence and choose the answer that best matches the picture.

    Look at the following picture and learn how you can make assumptions from it.

    Strategi Mengerjakan Listening TOEIC® dan UNBK: Analyzing Pictures

    What is the person (probably) doing?
    Possible answers:
    The passenger is looking out the window.
    He is holding a book.
    The man is sitting next to the window.
    The man is smiling.
    The man is traveling.

    Where is it? What can you infer about the place?
    The man is on the bus.
    The man is on a train.
    The window is open.

  2. Identify People
    3. You often have to identify the people you see in a picture. You may identify them by number, gender, location, description, activity, or occupation.

    Problem:
    The people may be incorrectly identified.
    Solution:Determine the number, gender, location, description, activity, and occupation of the people as best as you can.

    Look at the following picture and learn how to identify people.

    Listening Test Strategy, Tips and Trick in TOEIC® and UNBK: Analyzing Pictures

    Who are they? What are they doing? Where?
    Possible answers:
    There are four people at the table.
    There are two men and two women at the table.
    The people are in a restaurant.
    The guests are sitting at a table.
    The customers are going to order their meal.
    The waitress is standing next to the table.

    What are they wearing?
    Possible answer:
    The waiter is wearing an apron.
  3. Identify Things
    4. You often have to identify things in a picture. You should try to name everything you see. However, you are not required to know words or terms specific to one particular occupation. Instead, you should know the general word or term of the things in the picture.

    Problem:
    You may not know the words needed to identify the things in the picture.
    Solution:
    Use the context of the picture to help you identify the things.

    Look at the following picture and learn how to identify things.

    Strategi Mengerjakan Listening TOEIC® dan UNBK: Analyzing Pictures

    What and where is it?
    Possible answers:
    The ship is mooring in the harbor.
    The tanker is docking.
    The ship is loading.
    The ship is being refueled.
    The ship is at the dock.

    Related words: Ship, tanker, cargoship, cargo, gas, dock, moor, anchor, harbor, port, load, unload, refuel, fuel.
  4. Identify Actions
    5. You often have to identify the actions in a picture, i.e. what the people are doing. You should try to analyze the time sequence of the actions.

    Problem:
    You may not understand what is happening in the picture.
    Solution:
    Use the context of the picture to help you make assumptions about what happened before, during, and after the action.

    Look at the following picture and learn how to identify things.

    Strategi Mengerjakan Listening TOEIC® dan UNBK: Analyzing PicturesWhat are the persons doing? Who and where are they?
    Possible answers:
    The people are going to board the plane.
    They are going to travel by plane.
    The family is waiting to board the plane.
    The man and the woman are looking at the girl.
    The man is standing behind the girl.
    They will go through the boarding pass.
    They are standing in a queue.

See more information and strategies for TOEIC® Test.
Reference: Lougheed L. How to Prepare for the TOEIC® Test, 3rd Edition. Ciputat, Binarupa Aksara, 2004.

October 04, 2011

Vocabulary: English Idioms and Expressions with "Put"

Idioms and Expressions With "Put"
IdiomMeaningExample
Put a brave face / front on somethingTo behave confidently, or as if someone were happy.
Id: Bersikap percaya diri, atau seolah-olah bahagia		Despite his troubles, he always tried to put a brave face on them.
Put a cap on somethingTo limit something.
Id: Membatasi sesuatu.		He suggested that we put a cap on spending in every department.
Put a damper / dampener on somethingTo make something not enjoyable.
Id: Membuat sesuatu kurang (tidak) bisa dinikmati.		The news about the loss of her father had put a damper on the party.
Put a lid on somethingTo stop something.
Id: Menghentikan sesuatu.		Please put a lid on it! I'm trying to concentrate.
Put a plug in (for someone or something)To favor or advertise for someone or something.
Id: Memuji; mengiklankan sesuatu.		If you talk to the new manager, please put a plug in for me.
Put / Get something across (to someone)To make something clear; to convince someone of something.
Id: Memperjelas; meyakinkan seseorang tentang sesuatu.		You need a different approach to get the difficult subject across to your class.
Put all one's eggs in one basketTo make things dependent on only one thing.
Id: Bergantung pada satu hal saja.		She should have diversified her investment instead of putting all her eggs in one basket.
Put something asideTo decide not to deal with something; to save something for future use.
Mengesampingkan / menyimpan sebagai cadangan.		Every student puts aside Rp15,000.- a month for the vacation.
Put something awayTo save; to return something to its place.
Id: Menyimpan; mengembalikan sesuatu pada tempatnya.		Please put the books away when you finish reading.
Put one's best foot forwardTo perform at one's best.
Id: Tampil sebaik-baiknya.		It's the final round. Make sure you put your best foot forward.
Put someone downTo criticize someone.
Id: Mengkritik seseorang.		She's always putting others down during meetings.
Put down rootsTo settle; to establish a permanent residence.
Id: Menetap di suatu tempat.		The people moved east and put down roots in Tengger mountain range.
Put one's foot down (about someone or something)To assert something strongly.
Id: Bertindak tegas.		My father put his foot down and told me not to go home late.
Put (something) forthTo put more effort.
Id: Berusaha lebih keras lagi.		If you want to succeed you should put forth.
Put (something) forwardTo propose an idea.
Id: Mengajukan gagasan.		The plan that he put forward in the meeting was accepted by the board of director.
Put hand in pocketTo give money to charity.
Id: Memberikan uang untuk amal.		Kind hearted people are always willing to put their hands in their pockets.
Put one's house in orderTo put one's business or affairs into good order, to solve one's problems.
Id: Melakukan pembenahan; memecahkan masalah.		The new manager has to put his house in order if he wants the business to survive.
Put something in a nutshellTo say / explain something concisely.
Id: Menjelaskan secara ringkas.		Can you put this long explanation in a nutshell?
Put in an appearanceTo appear briefly at a place or an event.
Id: Datang untuk waktu yang sebentar.		I only intended to put in an appearance at the party, and left before long.
Put somebody in the pictureTo explain to someone what is happening.
Id: Menjelaskan apa yang terjadi.		I didn't know what was going on in that room until he put me in the picture.
Put something on the lineTo risk failure.
Id: Beresiko gagal.		He puts his reputation on the line by signing the agreement.
Put money up (for something)To give the funding for something.
Id: Mendanai sesuatu.		The manager finally agreed to put the money up for the campaign.
Put your money where your mouth isTo do something rather than to just talk about it.
Id: Mengerjakan sesuatu tidak hanya membicarakannya.		 Critics sometimes have to learn how to put their money where their mouth is.
Put (stick) one's nose in To interfere in someone's business.
Id: Mencampuri urusan orang.		I wish she wouldn't put her nose in other people's affairs.
Put somebody / something on a pedestalTo behave as if one person is more important than others.
Id: Bersikap seolah seseorang lebih penting dari orang lain.		Villagers often put their religious leaders on a pedestal without questioning their words or authority.
Put on airs (Give oneself air)To pretend to be better than one really is.
Id: Berpura-pura lebih mampu dari yang sebenarnya.		She's just putting on airs. Let's see what she can do.
Put something on the cuffTo purchase on credit.
Id: Membeli secara kredit.		Are you going to pay cash or put them on the cuff?
Put on the dog / the ritzTo make things special or dress formally for an event.The Minister will come the day after tomorrow. We are busy putting on the dog for his coming.
Put someone on the spotTo ask someone forthright questions.
Id: Bertanya tanpa tedeng aling-aling.		He rather put her on the spot by asking whether she wanted a lift.
Put oneself outTo make oneself inconvenient.
Id: Membuat diri tidak nyaman.		Don't bother. You do not need to put yourself out at all.
Put someone upTo provide accommodation.
Id: Menyediakan akomodasi.		We put him up for several days and showed him around.
Put your shoulder to the wheelTo work hard.
Id: Bekerja keras.		Let's put our shoulder to the wheel and hope we can finish before the deadline.
Put the bite on someoneTo try to get money from someone.
Id: Mencoba memeras seseorang.		When I began to trust her, she tried to put the bite on me.
Put the finger on someoneTo accuse / identify someone.
Id: Menuduh / mengidentifikasi seseorang.		Don't put the finger on me for something I never did.
Put the heat / screws on someoneTo pressure someone to do something.
Id: Memaksa / menekan seseorang.		The manager often puts the heat on his staff to work overtime.
Put the moves / the make / the hard word on someoneTo try to seduce someone.
Id: Mencoba merayu seseorang.		When I noticed that he was putting the moves on Eka last night, I left.
Put the roses in somebody's cheeksTo make someone look fit and healthy.
Id: Membuat seseorang tampak sehat.		You should do more exercise to put the roses back in your cheeks.
Put someone or something through (to someone)To connect by telephone.
Id: Menyambungkan lewat telpon.		Hold on, please. I'll put you through to him.
Put somebody through the millTo test someone by asking difficult questions.
Id: Menguji seseorang dengan memberi pertanyaan sulit.		The manager put me through the mill on the day of the interview.

Reference: The Free Dictionary - Idioms

October 01, 2011

Contrasting Future Forms: "Be Going To" VS "Will"

Can you tell the difference between the sentences on the left and those on the right?
The sky is dark. I think it's going to rain soon.Don't worry. It will rain someday.
There are signs of recovery. He's going to get well soon.There is no sign of recovery. But I'm sure he will recover.
Workers are preparing their equipment. They are going to repair the building.If you overload it, the machine will break down.

There are several different verb-forms that can be used to talk about the future. The most common structures are be going to structure, will, and the present continuous / present progressive.

Those three structures often have different meanings which are sometimes difficult to tell. Therefore, it is not always easy to choose the correct form. In this post, we are going to talk about the difference between the be going to structure and will by contrasting how they are used.

Contrasting Future "Be Going To" With "Will"
Be Going To Verb 1Will Infinitive
Planned intentions
To express a planned intention, or a plan with an intention. The plan is made before the moment of speaking and some preparations may have been made.
Untuk mengungkapkan maksud terencana, atau rencana yang disengaja. Rencana tersebut dibuat sebelum saat berbicara dan mungkin sudah dilakukan persiapan untuk itu.
  • Workers are preparing their equipment. They are going to repair the building.
  • He has bought building materials. I think he's going to renovate his house.
Note:
When it is not known whether the intention has been planned or not, either be going to or will may be used.
Jika tidak diketahui apakah sesuatu maksud direncanakan atau tidak, baik "be going to" atau "will" bisa digunakan.
Unplanned intentions
To express an unplanned intention. The intention or decision to do something is made right at the moment of speaking, usually with no preparation.
Untuk mengungkapkan maksud tak terencana. Maksud atau keputusan untuk melakukan sesuatu dibuat tepat pada saat berbicara dan biasanya tanpa ada persiapan.
  • There's the doorbell. I'll open the door.
  • Have you heard from her? ~ No, not yet. I'll call her now.
Note:
Using will infinitive is the best way to express a strong determination.
Menggunakan "will infinitive" adalah cara terbaik untuk mengungkapkan kebulatan tekad.
  • Okay. I will help you. (with stress on "will")
  • We will make it!
3rd and 2nd person's intentions
To express or ask about an intention made by the second person (you), or the third (he, she, it, they). The negative form shows that there is no intention.
Untuk mengungkapkan atau menanyakan maksud orang kedua (you), atau ketiga (he, she, it, they). Bentuk negatif menunjukkan tidak adanya niat untuk melakukan sesuatu.
  • Are you going to renovate the room?
  • He isn't going to stay here.
1st person's intentions
Will is almost always used to express first person's intentions. However, the negative form may be used for all persons, and usually means "to refuse to do something".
Bentuk will hampir selalu digunakan untuk orang pertama. Tetapi, bentuk negative bisa digunakan untuk semua orang dan biasanya bermakna "menolak melakukan sesuatu".
  • I will leave now!
  • He won't stay here. (He refuses to stay.)
Near future
To indicate near future events / actions.
Untuk menyebutkan peristiwa / kegiatan yang akan terjadi dalam waktu dekat.
  • The sky is dark. I think it's going to rain soon.
  • Where's today's paper? I'm going to read it.
Near and Remote future
To indicate near or remote future events / actions.
Untuk menyebutkan peristiwa / kegiatan yang akan terjadi baik dalam waktu dekat maupun masih lama.
  • The local government will build more schools in rural areas.
  • It's a nice place. We will enjoy staying here.
Assumptions
To express assumptions when there is a sign or symptom that something is certainly going to happen in the near or remote future.
Untuk mengungkapkan asumsi / dugaan jika ada tanda atau gejala bahwa sesuatu pasti akan terjadi dalam waktu dekat atau relatif lama.
  • The sky is dark. I think it's going to rain soon.
  • There are signs of recovery. He's going to get well soon.
Assumptions
To express assumptions, expectations, belief, or doubt that something will happen in the future.
Untuk mengungkapkan asumsi / dugaan, harapan, keyakinan, atau keraguan bahwa sesuatu akan terjadi dalam waktu yang akan datang.
  • Don't forget your coat. It'll probably be cold up there. (I expect it will be cold.)
  • Onions will be expensive when harvests fail.
Contrasting Future Forms: Be Going To VS Will
Exercise
Put the verbs into future "be going to" or "will infinitive".
  1. Why are you moving the sofa? ~ I (repaint) this room.
  2. The printer doesn't work again. ~ Really? I (call) the technician. I hope he's not busy.
  3. How do we get to the museum from here? ~ I don't know, but I (ask) the policeman over there.
  4. You (lend) me your dictionary, please? I need it. ~ Yes, certainly. Here it is.
  5. You (buy) a new computer? ~ No, this one is still good.
  6. My car is being repaired. You (give) me a lift?
  7. Where's the flashlight? ~ It's in the drawer. What you (do) with it? ~ I (search) the warehouse. It's dark in there.
  8. What a beautiful painting. Where you (put) it?
  9. This curtain is very dirty. ~ Very well. I (have) it washed.
  10. You (play) games all night? You are going to school tomorrow.
Reference:
  1. Azar B.S. Understanding and Using English Grammar (2nd Ed). NJ: Prentice-Hall. Inc, 1989.
  2. Thomson & Martinet. A Practical English Grammar (4th Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
  3. Swan, M. Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.
Also read:
How to Talk about Future Plans and Predictions
Dialog: Making Predictions with Future Continuous Tense
Perbedaan Penggunaan Bentuk WILL dengan BE GOING TO

September 30, 2011

Contrasting Past Tenses: The Simple Past VS The Past Perfect Tense

Contrasting Past Tenses: The Simple Past VS The Past Perfect Tense
P
reviously, we have contrasted the simple past with the past continuous and the simple past with the present perfect tense. Now, we will contrast the simple past with the past perfect.

Common mistakes made by English learners in using past tenses:

  1. She wasn't new in this town. She has lived here before.
  2. I told him that I have submitted the proposal the day before.
  3. She realized that she left her umbrella on the bus.
  4. The kids were excited to see the Komodo. They never saw the animal before.
  5. Last night, she felt very tired because she has worked all day.
The italicized verbs in the above sentences show the most common mistakes made by English learners when they are using the past tenses. Can you change them into the correct form? Yes, they should have been in the past perfect instead of the simple past or the present perfect tense.

The Simple Past TenseThe Past Perfect Tense
To tell past events in the order in which they occured.
Untuk menceritakan kejadian lampau sesuai urutan kejadian.
  • The bridge was destroyed during the war. They repaired it two years ago.
  • They got married in 2007. Their first son was born two years later.
To look back on earlier past events from a certain point in the past.
Untuk bercerita "secara mundur" tentang kejadian lampau yang lebih dahulu terjadi.
  • They repaired the bridge two years ago. It had been destroyed during the war.
  • Their first son was born in 2009. They had been married for two years then.
In clauses with "when", "as soon as": to indicate that one past event follows another very closely, possibly as a quick reaction.
Dalam kalimat berklausa ("when", "as soon as"): untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu kejadian lampau terjadi segera setelah kejadian lampau lainnya (hampir bersamaan), mungkin sebagai reaksi yang cepat.
  • When the teacher came in, the classroom became quiet.
  • I screamed out in pain when he stepped on my swollen foot.
In clauses with "when", "as soon as": to emphasize that a past event was completed before another started.
Dalam kalimat berklausa ("when", "as soon as"): untuk menekankan bahwa suatu kejadian lampau telah selesai terjadi sebelum kejadian lampau lainnya dimulai.
  • When the teacher had left, the classroom became noisy.
  • As soon as she had packed her clothes, she left.
In "Till/Until + Past Perfect + Simple Past" combination, the action in the simple past normally happens earlier.
Dalam kalimat kombinasi "Till/Until + Past Perfect + Simple Past", kejadian yang menggunakan bentuk simple past biasanya terjadi lebih dahulu.
  • She waited till I had finished teaching.
  • I didn't understand until you had given me a clear explanation.
In "Till/Until + Past Perfect + Simple Past" combination, the past perfect emphasizes on the completion of an action / event.
Dalam kalimat kombinasi "Till/Until + Past Perfect + Simple Past", bentuk past perfect menekankan selesainya suatu aktifitas / kejadian.
  • She waited till I had finished teaching.
  • I didn't understand until you had given me a clear explanation.
In "Before + Past Perfect + Simple Past" combination, the action in the simple past always happens earlier.
Dalam kalimat kombinasi "Before + Past Perfect + Simple Past", kejadian yang menggunakan bentuk simple past selalu terjadi lebih dahulu.
  • The rain fell before we had arrived home.
  • Before we had finished the exercise the bell rang.
With "Before", both events may use the past perfect.
Dengan "Before", kedua kejadian / kegiatan bisa menggunakan bentuk past perfect.
  • Before I had finished packing the bus had arrived.
  • Before she had reached home it had started raining .
Used in time clauses "when", "as soon as" with verbs like "know, understand, realize, etc"
Digunakan dalam klausa keterangan waktu "when", "as soon as" bersama kata kerja seperti "know", "understand", "realize", dll
  • She fainted when she knew the truth.
  • When I realized that I had made a mistake, I apologized.
Used in time clauses "when", "as soon as" with verbs like "know", "understand", "realize", "etc" only when the period of time is mentioned.
Digunakan dalam klausa keterangan waktu "when", "as soon as" bersama kata kerja seperti "know", "understand", "realize", dll, hanya jika disebutkan jangka waktunya.
  • When he had known her for about two years he proposed a marriage to her.
  • When I had learned how to use English tenses I was able to write better.
Used in direct speeches to talk about past actions.
Digunakan dalam kalimat langsung untuk membicarakan kegiatan lampau.
  • She said, "I saw him in his office this morning."
  • She told me, "I put my dictionary on your table."
In indirect speeches, the past perfect tense often replaces the simple past and the present perfect tense.
Dalam kalimat tidak langsung, past perfect seringkali merupakan pengganti simple past dan present perfect tense.
  • She said that she had seen him in his office that morning.
  • She told me that she had put her dictionary on my table.
Used in conditional sentences type 2.
Digunakan dalam kalimat conditional type 2.
  • If we had more rain this year, we would have a better harvest.
  • If you lived in Malang you would be used to cold air.
Used in conditional sentences type 3.
Digunakan dalam kalimat conditional type 3.
  • If we had had more rain last year, we would have had a better harvest.
  • If you had lived in Malang you would have been used to cold air.
Used in unreal past with "wish"; to express regret about a present situation.
  • I wish I knew her mobile number. We can't inform her now.
  • I hate this traffic jam. I wish we lived in a small town.
Used in unreal past with "wish"; to express regret about a past situation.
  • I wish I had known her mobile number. I couldn't pass the information to her.
  • I was late for work due to the traffic jam. I wish I had taken the subway.
Used in the past subjunctive after "as if" or "as though", to indicate unreality or doubt or improbability in the present.
Digunakan dalam past subjunctive setelah "as if" atau "as though" untuk menggambarkan kondisi yang berlawanan dengan realita.
  • She talks about computer as if she knew a lot about it.
  • Don't behave as if you didn't know about the rule.
Used in the past subjunctive after "as if" or "as though", to refer to a real or imaginary action in the past.
Digunakan dalam past subjunctive setelah "as if" atau "as though" untuk membicarakan kondisi nyata atau tidak nyata di waktu lampau.
  • She talks / talked about computer as though she had known a lot about it.
  • They behaved as though they hadn't been informed about the rule.


Exercise

Put the verbs in the simple past or the past perfect.
  1. When the old man (return) home from his vacation he (find) that burglars (break) in during his absence. The front door (be) open and everything in the house (be) upside down.
  2. He (be) sure that he (see) the girl before. He (keep) looking at her, wondering where they (meet).
  3. He (return) the book, (thank) me for lending it to him and (say) that he (enjoy) it very much.
  4. We (be) lucky. It (stop) raining when the class (be) over.
  5. When we (get) married in 2006 we (know) each other for more than five years.

For more resources on the Past Perfect tense, also check these out:

  1. Exercise: The Past Perfect and Simple Past tense Exercise
  2. Computer-based exercise: Using the Past Perfect tense Exercise
  3. Dialog and Explanation: Dialog Using the Past perfect tense to talk about Past Events

Reference:

  1. Azar B.S. Understanding and Using English Grammar (2nd Ed). NJ: Prentice-Hall. Inc, 1989.
  2. Thomson & Martinet. A Practical English Grammar (4th Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
  3. Swan, M. Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.

September 28, 2011

Soal Olimpiade Bahasa Inggris SMP/MTs Versi 1: English Olympiad for SMP

Soal Olimpiade Bahasa Inggris SMP/MTs Versi 1 - English Olympiad for SMP
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ada halaman ini, Mister Guru akan membagikan salinan otentik dan contoh soal Olimpiade Bahasa Inggris Tingkat SMP / MTs yang pernah dilombakan di SMKN 1 Probolinggo agar adik-adik siswa SMP / MTs bisa menggunakannya sebagai bahan persiapan mengikuti Olimpiade bahasa Inggris atau sebagai bahan pengayaan dan pendalaman materi menghadapi ujian sekolah bahasa Inggris. Selamat mengerjakan.

Choose the best answer; A, B, C, D, or E to each question.

Text 1: Questions No. 1 - 7
Living things ...(1)... found almost ...(2)... on the Earth. They are found in ...(3)... habitats. A habitat is the place ...(4)... an organism lives. A pond, a stream, a field, an area of leaf ...(5)..., a seashore and even a rotting log are all examples of habitats.
Within a habitat, many things affect the ...(6)... of the organism. Some of these things are air, water, and ...(7)... organisms. The things that affect the organism make up its environment.
  1. Choose the correct word.
    1. be
    2. is
    3. are
    4. were
    5. will be
  2. Choose the correct word.
    1. nowhere
    2. everywhere
    3. elsewhere
    4. somewhere
    5. wherever
  3. Choose the correct word.
    1. difference
    2. differ
    3. differential
    4. differentiate
    5. different
  4. Choose the correct word.
    1. where
    2. which
    3. that
    4. whose
    5. what
  1. Choose the correct word.
    1. litter
    2. liter
    3. latter
    4. letter
    5. later
  2. Choose the correct word.
    1. survive
    2. survey
    3. surveillance
    4. survivor
    5. survival
  3. Choose the correct word.
    1. another
    2. the other
    3. other
    4. no other
    5. others

Text 2: Questions No. 8 - 14
Conservation of natural resources involves the intelligent use and care of our resource. Why do we need to conserve our resources?

A few thousand years ago, there were not many people living on the Earth. There were more than enough natural resources for everyone. But in the last 200 years, the world population has increased rapidly. As the world population increases, more natural resources are needed to support the population. The demand for natural resources will become even greater as countries all over the world become more developed.

We have also invented many machines to help people do work and to make life more comfortable. A lot of fuel is being used to provide energy to run all these machines.
We are using huge amounts of our natural resources so rapidly that the natural resources are in danger of being depleted. Our Earth has limited supplies of non-renewable resources. They are running out quickly.

Even our renewable resources are in danger. The trees in forests are being destroyed too fast. There is just not enough time for new trees to grow to replace the ones that are removed. As more land is needed for development of towns or farms, more forests will be cleared.

A wide variety of wildlife lives in forests. When forests are destroyed, the wildlife in them is in danger of extinction. Some wild animals are also becoming extinct because so many of them have been hunted and killed for profit.

Therefore, we need to conserve our natural resources to make them last as long as possible.
  1. What is the best title for the above text?
    1. Natural Resources and The Earth
    2. Conservation of Natural Resources
    3. The Importance of Natural Resources
    4. The Destruction of Forests
    5. The Danger of Growing Population
  2. "Conservation of natural resources involves the intelligent use and care of our resource.” (par. 1) The word “intelligent” can be replaced by the following without changing the intended meaning, except ....
    1. thoughtful
    2. careful
    3. wise
    4. reasonable
    5. dreadful
  3. According to the text, which is not responsible for natural resource depletion?
    1. Human population.
    2. The invention of machines.
    3. The variety of wildlife.
    4. The clearance of forests.
    5. The development of countries.
  4. According to the text, what happened a few thousand years ago?
    1. The world population increased rapidly.
    2. More natural resources were needed to support the population.
    3. The demand for natural resources was greater than it is today.
    4. There were plenty of natural resources for everyone.
    5. People didn’t need natural resources at all.
  1. To conserve our natural resources, we should do the followings, except ....
    1. protect endangered animals.
    2. stop forest clearance.
    3. increase the demand for natural resources.
    4. control the use of non-renewable resources.
    5. conserve our forests.
  2. “They are running out quickly.” (par. 4) The phrase “running out” means ....
    1. going out
    2. becoming used up
    3. flowing
    4. spending
    5. becoming long
  3. The following words are synonyms of the word “conserve”, except ….
    1. maintain
    2. keep up
    3. preserve
    4. protect
    5. decay
Text 3: Questions No. 15 - 20

The Disappearing Honeybee


Do you run away when you hear a bee buzzing? Many people do. A bee sting hurts and some people are allergic to bee venom. But did you know that bees are very important to humans? Honeybees do more than just make honey. They fly around and pollinate flowers, plants, and trees. Our fruits, nuts, and vegetables rely on these pollinators. One third of America's food supply is pollinated by the honeybee.

Have you seen or heard a honeybee lately? Bees are mysteriously disappearing in many parts of the world. Most people don't know about this problem. It is called Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). Some North American beekeepers lost 80% of their hives from 2006-2008. Bees in Italy and Australia are disappearing too.

The disappearance of the honeybee is a serious problem. Can you imagine never eating another blueberry? What about almonds and cherries? Without honeybees food prices will skyrocket. The poorest people always suffer the worst when there is a lack of food.

This problem affects other foods besides fresh produce. Imagine losing your favorite ice cream! Haagen Daaz is a famous ice cream company. Many of their flavors rely on the hard working honey bee. In 2008 Haagen Daaz began raising money for CCD. They also created a website called helpthehoneybee.com.

Donating money to research is the most important thing humans can do to save the honeybees. Scientists need money to investigate the causes of Colony Collapse Disorder. Some scientists blame CCD on climate change. Others think pesticides are killing the bees. Commercial bee migration may also cause CCD. Beekeepers transport their hives from place to place in order to pollinate plants year round.
(Adapted from https://www.englishclub.com/environment/honeybee-reading.htm)
  1. Which is not true according to the text?
    1. Without honeybees, food prices will increase significantly.
    2. Beekeepers transport beehives to help protect bees.
    3. Honeybees pollinate plants that give us fruit and vegetables.
    4. Pesticide use may be one of the causes of CCD.
    5. Scientists need fund to research the causes of CCD.
  2. How does the text describe that bees are very important to humans?
    1. They pollinate plants, flowers, and trees.
    2. They begin to disappear.
    3. Bees may sting and hurt people.
    4. The disappearance of the honeybee is a serious problem.
    5. They produce honey.
  3. Which is not true about Haagen Daaz?
    1. It is a well-known ice cream company.
    2. Their production relies on the honey bee.
    3. They raise money for CCD research.
    4. They solve the problem by decreasing ice cream flavors.
    5. They run a website to help the honey bee.
  1. According to the text, what percentage of America's food supply is pollinated by the honeybee?
    1. about 25%
    2. about 33%
    3. about 40%
    4. about 50%
    5. about 75%
  2. “Bees are mysteriously disappearing in many parts of the world.” (par. 2) What is the synonym of the underlined word?
    1. becoming visible
    2. examining
    3. defending
    4. pressure
    5. vanishing
  3. According to the text, why do people send beehives to other places?
    1. to protect them from extinction.
    2. because bee sting is dangerous.
    3. to help pollinate plants in certain places.
    4. to avoid pesticides.
    5. to be used in scientists’ researches.
Questions 21 – 24 refer to the following dialog
Ani :“It is a very …(21)… shopping experience. Terrific!”
Beti :“Sorry, I couldn’t hear you. I beg your …(22)…?”
Ani :“This mall is great. I like shopping here.”
Beti :“Yes, but it’s very …(23)…. I can hardly hear you.”
  1. Choose the correct word.
    1. horrible
    2. exciting
    3. disappointing
    4. boring
    5. terrifying
  2. Choose the correct word.
    1. pardon
    2. sorry
    3. permission
    4. excuse
    5. repeat
  1. Choose the correct word.
    1. quiet
    2. slow
    3. big
    4. noisy
    5. calm
  2. Where does the above conversation take place?
    1. A school
    2. A concert
    3. A shopping center
    4. A hobby shop
    5. A studio

  1. Arrange the following sentences into a good paragraph.
    1. When it rains, the rainwater dissolves the harmful substances in the air to form a weak acid.
    2. It kills trees in the forests.
    3. When it gets into rivers and lakes, the organisms that live in them are harmed.
    4. In some countries, air pollution is very bad.
    5. Acid rain is very harmful to the environment.
    6. We call this ‘acid rain’.
    1. 6-4-1-5-2-3
    2. 1-6-5-2-3-4
    3. 4-6-5-1-2-3
    4. 4-1-6-5-2-3
    5. 6-2-3-5-1-4
  2. Ovi: “Wenny can’t drive a car.”
    Reza: “….”
    1. So can’t I.
    2. I can either.
    3. I can’t too.
    4. Neither can’t I.
    5. Neither can I.
  3. Sita: “… do you read a newspaper?”
    Fifi: “Every day.”
    1. How
    2. What time
    3. How often
    4. How long
    5. How many times
  4. I have a bad headache. I’ve taken some medicine but my head is … aching.
    1. yet
    2. already
    3. ever
    4. still
    5. not
  5. I need to open these screws. I need a ....
      Soal Olimpiade Bahasa Inggris SMP/MTs Versi 1 - English Olympiad for SMPClick here if the picture doesn't appear
    1. screw opener
    2. screwdriver
    3. spanner
    4. drill
    5. saw
    6. Soal Olimpiade Bahasa Inggris SMP/MTs Versi 1: English Olympiad for SMP
  6. You can fasten the nut with ....
    1. pliers
    2. a bolt
    3. a drill
    4. a hacksaw
    5. a wrench
  7. A=12m. B=10m. C=12m. D=15m. E=14m. Which is not true according to the data?
    1. A is as long as C.
    2. D is longer than C.
    3. C is shorter than B.
    4. B is the shortest of all.
    5. A is shorter than D.
  8. Adi: “Can you turn the music down? I can’t concentrate.”
    Heri: “Oh, certainly.”
    Which sentence best describes the situation?
    1. It’s not noisy enough for Heri to concentrate.
    2. It is too noisy for Adi to concentrate.
    3. Adi can’t listen to the music clearly.
    4. It is not noisy enough for Adi to concentrate.
    5. It is too noisy for Heri to listen to the music.
  9. She heard a noise behind her, so she looked ....
    1. out
    2. away
    3. up
    4. in
    5. back
  10. Do you remember the woman ... sang at the party?
    1. which
    2. who
    3. whom
    4. whose
    5. when
  11. I met a man ... wife is an English teacher at my son’s school.
    1. which
    2. who
    3. whom
    4. whose
    5. when
  12. The Nile is ... river in the world.
    1. longest
    2. longer
    3. longer than
    4. as long as
    5. the longest
  13. Joni: “We went to the cinema last night.”
    Lia: “Oh, really? ….”
    1. So did we.
    2. We do too.
    3. We also do.
    4. So do we.
    5. So we do.
  14. Waiter: “… some drink, Sir?”
    Udin: “Yes, tea please.”
    1. What do you like
    2. May I have
    3. Could you drink
    4. Do you like
    5. Would you like
  15. My car is at the garage now. ….
    1. It is repairing.
    2. It is being repaired.
    3. It repairs.
    4. It has repaired.
    5. It has been repaired.
  16. Penny: “I must leave early.”
    Penny said that ….
    1. I must leave early.
    2. she must be left early.
    3. she had to leave early.
    4. I had to leave early.
    5. she must be leaving early.
  17. My mother likes cooking. For me, she’s the best … in the world.
    1. cooker
    2. cook
    3. cooks
    4. cookies
    5. cooked
  18. Gita began reading before the phone rang. So, when the phone rang, she ….
    1. was reading
    2. is reading
    3. began reading
    4. read
    5. has been reading
  19. Denny: “… yet?”
    Yoni: “No, not yet. We’re waiting for them.”
    1. Have Tia and Merry arrived
    2. Had Tia and Merry arrived
    3. Did Tia and Merry arrive
    4. Do Tia and Merry arrive
    5. Would Tia and Merry arrive
  20. Jaka has a bad memory. He can’t remember ....
    1. something
    2. anything
    3. nothing
    4. everything
    5. some things
  21. Eddy … in a factory. Now he works in a supermarket.
    1. works
    2. is working
    3. has been working
    4. had been working
    5. used to work
  22. My mother was at home, and my sister was too.
    1. Both my mother or my sister were here.
    2. Either my mother or my sister was at home.
    3. Neither my mother nor my sister was at home.
    4. My mother was not only here but also was my sister.
    5. Not only my mother but also my sister was here.
  23. He stood there and looked at … in the mirror.
    1. myself
    2. yourself
    3. himself
    4. herself
    5. itself
  24. Denny: “...?”
    Rio: “It weighs 30 kilos.”
    1. How weight is it?
    2. How much does it weigh?
    3. What does it weigh?
    4. How far is it?
    5. How many is it?
  25. It's very cold. You should ... your coat.
    1. put on
    2. put off
    3. put out
    4. put away
    5. put up
  26. The traffic runs smooth. They have repaired the street.
    1. The street had been repaired.
    2. The street is being repaired.
    3. The street is repaired.
    4. The street will have been repaired.
    5. The street has been repaired.

September 25, 2011

TOEFL® Preparation Exercise: Reducing An Adjective Clause Into An Adjective Phrase

Reducing An Adjective Clause Into An Adjective Phrase - TOEFL® Preparation Exercise
  1. Combine the following sentences using adjective clauses. Please pay attention to the punctuation, and put commas where necessary.
  2. Reduce the adjective clauses into adjective phrases
Example:
  1. On 27 October 1945, a British plane from Jakarta dropped leaflets over Surabaya. They urged all Indonesian troops and militia to surrender their weapons.
    1. On 27 October 1945, a British plane from Jakarta dropped leaflets over Surabaya which urged all Indonesian troops and militia to surrender their weapons.
    2. On 27 October 1945, a British plane from Jakarta dropped leaflets over Surabaya urging all Indonesian troops and militia to surrender their weapons.
  2. The Battle of Surabaya became a symbol of resistance to the re-imposition of Dutch colonial rule. It cost the lives of many thousands of Indonesians.
    1. The Battle of Surabaya, which cost the lives of many thousands of Indonesians, became a symbol of resistance to the re-imposition of Dutch colonial rule.
    2. The Battle of Surabaya, costing the lives of many thousands of Indonesians, became a symbol of resistance to the re-imposition of Dutch colonial rule.
  1. Jakarta is very crowded. It is the capital city of Indonesia.
  2. The car belongs to Mr. Harun. It is parked under the tree.
  3. The old woman makes a very good living by selling clothes. She lives next door.
  4. He borrowed a book from the library. It is about Indonesian literature.
  5. The girl is very attractive. She lives opposite my house.
  6. The writer has just written an article. It criticizes the system of education in Indonesia.
  7. In playing football, the children use a small ball. It is made of solid rubber.
  8. I have found a letter. It is addressed to one of our important clients.
  9. She bought a book. It is written by a famous author.
  10. I know the lady. She was driving the car.
  11. Rujak Cingur is a traditional East Javanese dish. It is made of salad, chicken, and seafood.
  12. The krill is a tiny sea animal. It looks like a shrimp.
  13. A supernova produced the famous Crab nebula. It is a favorite among astronomers.
  14. The St. Bernard is a breed of very large working dog from the Italian and Swiss Alps. It is originally bred for rescue.
  15. Sunlight can be used to generate electricity by means of cells. They contain substances that emit electrons when bombarded with protons.
  16. Positive thinkers look at life with an attitude of hope. It influences their environment in a way that creates positive results.
  17. Cato the Elder was born in Tusculum. It was a municipal town of Latium.
  18. Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in adults. It is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the retina.
  19. Anne Boleyn was the second wife of King Henry VIII. She was beheaded at the age of 29.
  20. A new species of tomato has been developed. It is adapted to harsh climatic conditions.
  21. Edward Kazarian uses microscopes and diamond-tipped tools to create figures the size of the head of a pin. He is a master of making miniatures.
  22. The vast oil spill cost millions to clean up. It smeared the coast.
  23. Majapahit kingdom reached its peak of glory during the era of Hayam Wuruk. He reigned from 1350 to 1389.
  24. James wrote an article. The article indicated that he disliked the president.
  25. The man was brought to the police station. He confessed to the crime.

Reference:
  1. Gear J & Gear R. Cambridge Preparation for the TOEFL® Test 2nd Ed. Cambridge, Cambridge UP, 1996.
  2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya. Accessed Sept 25, 2011.

TOEFL® Preparation: Adjective Clause Reduction into Adjective Phrase

TOEFL® Preparation: Adjective Clause Reduction into Adjective PhraseSebelumnya, kita sudah belajar tentang adjective clause atau relative clause serta bagaimana menggabungkan kalimat dengan menggunakan adjective clause atau relative clause.

Sekarang, kita akan mempelajari "peringkasan" adjective clause menjadi adjective phrase agar kalimat kita menjadi lebih efisien. Seperti halnya adjective clause, adjective phrase adalah salah satu testing point dalam tes TOEFL®, TOEIC®, dan Ujian Akhir Nasional (UAN) SMA dan SMK.

What is an adjective phrase?

Adjective phrase adalah "penyusutan" dari adjective clause. Fungsinya masih sama, yaitu menerangkan tentang seseorang atau sesuatu. Tidak seperti adjective clause, adjective phrase tidak memiliki subyek dan kata kerja. Pada kalimat-kalimat berikut, bagian kalimat yang bergaris bawah adalah adjective phrase.
  1. In 1920, the Panama Canal was officially opened, finally linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
  2. Much of the prosperity of this region is due to a cigar factory established more than one hundred years ago.
  3. In 1799, a soldier discovered a piece of stele (a stone pillar bearing an inscription) known as the Rosetta stone.
  4. The giant redwood trees of California, called "sequoias", will further imprint Sequoia's name in history.
  5. After writing many letters seeking employment in local factories, she was finally hired by a big garment manufacturer.

Can we reduce all adjective clauses into adjective phrases?

Hanya adjective clause dengan subyek "who", "which", "that" yang bisa diringkas menjadi adjective phrase.


How to reduce an adjective clause into an adjective phrase?

Ada dua cara meringkas adjective clause menjadi adjective phrase:
  1. Subyek "who", "which", "that" dan verb be dihilangkan.

    Reducing Adjective Clauses into Adjective Phrases
    Adjective ClausesAdjective Phrases
    The woman who is sitting next to our headmaster is the new supervisor.The woman sitting next to our headmaster is the new supervisor.
    The test which was given to us this morning was quite easy.The test given to us this morning was quite easy.
    She has just moved from Pasuruan, which is a town near Probolinggo.She has just moved from Pasuruan, a town near Probolinggo.
    The apples which are on that plate look fresh and appealing.The apples on that plate look fresh and appealing.

  2. Jika tidak ada verb be, hilangkan "who", "which", atau "that", lalu ubah Verb menjadi bentuk -ing.

    Reducing Adjective Clauses into Adjective Phrases
    Adjective ClausesAdjective Phrases
    The woman who sat next to our headmaster was the new supervisor.The woman sitting next to our headmaster was the new supervisor.
    The TOEIC® test, which consists of 200 test items, takes approximately two hours.The TOEIC® test, consisting of 200 test items, takes approximately two hours.
    A tapeworm is a parasite that lives in the intestines of humans and animals.A tapeworm is a parasite living in the intestines of humans and animals.


Now, practice what you've just learnt. Reduce the adjective clauses in the following sentences into adjective phrases.
  1. A thunderstorm is a form of weather which is characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth's atmosphere which is known as thunder.
  2. The cloud type which is associated with the thunderstorm is the cumulonimbus.
  3. Thunderstorms most frequently form and develop within areas that are located at mid-latitude when warm moist air collides with cooler air.
  4. Thunderstorms, and the phenomena that occur along with them, pose great hazards to populations and landscapes.
  5. Damage that results from thunderstorms is mainly inflicted by downburst winds, large hailstones, and flash flooding which is caused by heavy precipitation.
  6. Mesoscale convective systems which are formed by favorable vertical wind shear within the tropics and subtropics are responsible for the development of hurricanes.
  7. Dry thunderstorms can cause the outbreak of wildfires with the heat that is generated from the cloud-to-ground lightning that accompanies them.
  8. The falling droplets create a downdraft of air that spreads out at the Earth's surface, which causes strong winds.
  9. Thunderstorms which cause hail to fall are known as hailstorms.
  10. Thunderstorms, which result from the rapid upward movement of warm and moist air, can be very disastrous.
References:
  1. Azar B.S. Understanding and Using English Grammar (2nd Ed). NJ: Prentice-Hall. Inc, 1989, pg.257.
  2. Pyle M.A. and Munoz M.E. . TOEFL® Preparation Guide (5th Ed). Lincoln: Cliffs Notes Inc., 1995.
  3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderstorm. Accessed Sept 25, 2011.

September 24, 2011

Adjective Clause (Relative Clause)

Adjective Clause (Relative Clause)-Minarni Soedardjanto
M
ateri tentang adjective clause atau relative clause adalah salah satu materi yang harus dikuasai dengan baik oleh siswa SMA, SMK, hingga mahasiswa perguruan tinggi. Selain dibutuhkan dalam penyusunan dan penulisan kalimat berbahasa Inggris yang efisien, adjective clause atau relative clause juga merupakan salah satu testing point yang selalu diujikan dalam test TOEFL, TOEIC, dan Ujian Akhir Nasional (UAN). Karena itu, setelah mengenal sekilas tentang adjective clause atau relative clause, sekarang kita akan mempelajarinya secara lebih terperinci lagi.

1. Adjective Clause Using Subject Pronouns: Who, Which, That

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with Subject Pronouns: "Who", "Which", "That"
Without adjective clause / relative clauseUsing adjective clause / relative clause
I will introduce you to a friend. He runs a successful business.I will introduce you to a friend who runs a successful business.
I will introduce you to a friend that runs a successful business.
The book is about religion. It has raised controversy.The book which has raised controversy is about religion.
The book that has raised controversy is about religion.
Notes:
  • "Who", "which", atau "that" adalah subyek dalam adjective clause.
  • "Who" digunakan untuk mengganti subyek berupa orang.
  • "Which" digunakan untuk mengganti subyek berupa benda.
  • "That" digunakan untuk mengganti subyek berupa orang maupun benda, dan lebih umum dipakai daripada "which". Akan tetapi, "that" hanya bisa digunakan pada defining relative clause saja. (Baca Menggabungkan Kalimat Menggunakan Adjective Clause (Relative Clause).

2. Adjective Clause Using Object Pronouns: Who(m), Which, That

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with Object Pronouns: "Who(m)", "Which", "That"
Without adjective clause / relative clauseUsing adjective clause / relative clause
I will introduce you to a friend. You have never met him before.I will introduce you to a friend (who(m)) you have never met before.
I will introduce you to a friend (that) you have never met before.
The book is about religion. I bought it in Gramedia bookstore last week.The book (which) I bought in Gramedia bookstore last week is about religion.
The book (that) I bought in Gramedia bookstore last week is about religion.
The song was very popular in 1990's. I am listening to it.The song to which I am listening was very popular in 1990's.
The song (which) I am listening to was very popular in 1990's.
The song (that) I am listening to was very popular in 1990's.
Notes:
  • "Whom" digunakan untuk mengganti obyek berupa orang, umumnya digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris formal. Untuk bahasa Inggris informal dan percakapan, "who" lebih sering dipakai menggantikan "whom".
  • "Which" digunakan untuk mengganti obyek berupa benda.
  • "That" digunakan untuk mengganti obyek berupa orang maupun benda, dan lebih umum dipakai daripada "which". Akan tetapi, "that" hanya bisa digunakan pada defining relative clause saja. (Baca Menggabungkan Kalimat Menggunakan Adjective Clause (Relative Clause).
  • Pada bahasa Inggris percakapan (lisan), "who", "which", atau "that" seringkali dihilangkan.

3. Adjective Clause Using Whose

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with "Whose"
Without adjective clause / relative clauseUsing adjective clause / relative clause
I will introduce you to a friend. His interest is learning English.I will introduce you to a friend whose interest is learning English.
The old lady has a painting. Its value is inestimable.The old lady has a painting whose value is inestimable.
Notes:
  • Dalam adjective clause atau relative clause, "whose" digunakan untuk menunjukkan milik, menggantikan "his", "her", "its", atau "their".
  • Sebagaimana "his", "her", "its", dan "their", "Whose" selalu diikuti kata benda.
  • "Whose" tidak bisa dihilangkan.

4. Adjective Clause Using Where

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with "Where"
Without adjective clause / relative clauseUsing adjective clause / relative clause
I will take you to the restaurant. I usually have lunch there (at the restaurant).I will take you to the restaurant where I usually have lunch.
I will take you to the restaurant at which I usually have lunch.
I will take you to the restaurant (which) I usually have lunch at.
The old lady has sold the house. She has lived there (in the house) for more than twenty years.The old lady has sold the house where she has lived for more than twenty years.
The old lady has sold the house in which she has lived for more than twenty years.
The old lady has sold the house (which) she has lived in for more than twenty years.
Notes:
  • "Where" dalam adjective clause atau relative clause digunakan untuk menjelaskan tempat.
  • Jika "where" digunakan, preposition pada keterangan tempat (seperti in, from, to, at, on, under, above) tidak diperlukan dalam adjective clause. Sebaliknya, jika "where" tidak digunakan, preposition harus ada. (lihat contoh ke-2 dan ke-3 dalam tabel di atas)

5. Adjective Clause Using When

Adjective Clause / Relative Clause with "When"
Without adjective clause / relative clauseUsing adjective clause / relative clause
We will never forget the day. My wife gave birth to my first son then (on that day).We will never forget the day when my wife gave birth to my first son.
We will never forget the day on which my wife gave birth to my first son.
We will never forget the day (that) my wife gave birth to my first son.
August is the month. The weather gets very windy then (in August).August is the month when the weather gets very windy.
August is the month in which the weather gets very windy.
August is the month (that) the weather gets very windy.
Notes:
  • "When" dalam adjective clause atau relative clause digunakan untuk menjelaskan waktu.
  • Jika "when" digunakan, preposition pada keterangan waktu (seperti in, on, at) tidak diperlukan dalam adjective clause. Sebaliknya, jika "where" tidak digunakan, preposition ada. (lihat contoh ke-2 dan ke-3 dalam tabel di atas)

Want to learn more about Adjective Clause?
Reference:
  1. Azar B.S. Understanding and Using English Grammar (2nd Ed). NJ: Prentice-Hall. Inc, 1989.
  2. Thomson & Martinet. A Practical English Grammar (4th Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
  3. Swan, M. Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.
* Updated Tues, Oct 2, 2012.

September 23, 2011

Menggabungkan Kalimat Menggunakan Adjective Clause (Relative Clause)

Perhatikan dua pasang kalimat berikut ini.
  • The woman comes from Bandung. She lives next door.
  • I bought a new book. The book was written by a famous author.
Menggabungkan Kalimat Menggunakan Adjective Clause (Relative Clause)Kedua pasang kalimat di atas terasa tidak mengalir lancar dan efisien, karena pada tiap pasang kalimat terdapat kesamaan hal yang sedang dibicarakan, yaitu the woman / she dan a new book / the book, namun tidak "dimampatkan" dengan baik ke dalam satu kalimat. Untuk menghasilkan kalimat atau tulisan yang mengalir lancar, efisien dan terhindar dari pengulangan yang tidak perlu, kita bisa menggabungkan kedua kalimat di atas dengan mengubah kalimat kedua, yang berisi informasi tambahan tentang orang / hal yang dibicarakan pada kalimat pertama, menjadi adjective clause atau relative clause.
  • The woman who lives next door comes from Bandung.
  • I bought a new book which was written by a famous author.

What is an adjective clause or relative clause?

Bagian kalimat yang dicetak miring di sebut adjective clause atau relative clause. Adjective clause atau relative clause adalah klausa (anak kalimat) yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri dan merupakan bagian dari suatu kalimat induk (main clause). Adjective clause atau relative clause memberikan informasi tambahan tentang seseorang, suatu benda, tempat, atau waktu. Pada kalimat di atas, who lives next door memperjelas siapa yang sedang dibicarakan.

Jadi, fungsi dari adjective clause atau relative clause adalah:
  1. Memperjelas atau mendefinisikan orang atau benda manakah yang sedang dibicarakan, tanpa membuat suatu kalimat baru.
  2. Menghindari pengulangan kata yang tidak perlu. Remember, avoid repetition as much as possible.
Di sinilah letak pentingnya penggunaan adjective clause atau relative clause secara baik dan benar dalam membuat kalimat berbahasa Inggris yang efisien.

Perlu diketahui, adjective clause atau relative clause adalah salah satu testing point yang hampir selalu diujikan dalam setiap test TOEFL. (baca Tips TOEFL: Strategi Mengerjakan Test TOEFL Dengan Mengenali Testing Point)

Penulisan adjective clause atau relative clause dalam kalimat: Dengan koma atau tanpa koma?

Kadang kita bingung dalam menentukan apakah adjective clause atau relative clause harus dipisah dari kalimat induk dengan menggunakan koma atau tidak. Pahamilah aturan ini.
  1. Jangan gunakan koma jika keberadaan adjective clause atau relative clause dalam kalimat dibutuhkan sebagai penjelas yang mendefinisikan orang / benda yang sedang dibicarakan. Inilah yang dalam istilah grammar disebut defining relative clause. Tanpa defining relative clause, hal yang dibicarakan dalam kalimat akan menjadi tidak jelas.
  2. Gunakan koma jika keberadaan adjective clause atau relative clause dalam kalimat hanya sebagai informasi tambahan tentang seseorang / suatu hal. Inilah yang dalam istilah grammar disebut non-defining relative clause. Tanpa menggunakan non-defining relative clause-pun, hal / orang yang dibicarakan dalam kalimat sudah jelas.
Defining and Non-defining Relative Clause
Defining Relative ClauseNon-defining Relative Clause
The rhincodon typus is a species of shark which reaches approximately 12 metres (39 ft).

I will introduce you to a friend who runs a successful business.		Sharks, which date from more than 420 million years ago, have diversified into 440 species.

Mr. Lui, who has been our principal for two years, is a very energetic man.


Tips singkat membuat adjective clause atau relative clause

  1. "Who" digunakan jika adjective clause atau relative clause membicarakan seseorang, bukan benda.
    • The doctor who is examining the patient is a heart specialist.
    • I am going to tell you a story about a man who risked his own life to help another..
  2. "That" atau "which" digunakan jika adjective clause atau relative clause membicarakan benda, bukan seseorang.
    • The book that I borrowed from the local library two days ago was about the theories of learning.
    • My son enjoyed reading the storybook that I bought him last month.
  3. "That" lebih umum digunakan daripada "which". Akan tetapi, non-defining relative clause hanya boleh menggunakan "which".
    • She lived in a house that / which overlooked the beach.
    • He told us about his new job, which he enjoyed very much. (‘that’ is not possible)
  4. "Whose" digunakan untuk mengganti kata ganti milik "his", "her", "their".
    • A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. (her husband is dead)
    • Do you still remember the boy whose book you borrowed?
  5. "Whom" digunakan untuk menggantikan kata ganti orang jika posisinya adalah sebagai obyek pada relative clause. Dalam bahasa Inggris lisan, "whom" seringkali digantikan oleh "who", "that", atau dihilangkan sama sekali.
    • Do you know the man (whom) we met in the hotel lobby this morning?
    • The student (whom) the teacher sent out was caught cheating during a test.
  6. "Where" digunakan jika relative clause membicarakan suatu tempat.
    • The house where we lived before moving here was quite old.
    • The beach where human skeletons were found is closed for public.
  7. "When" digunakan jika relative clause membicarakan waktu.
    • Do you still remember the day when we first met?
    • September is the month when mango trees start to bear fruit.

Exercise: Combine the sentences using adjective clause or relative clause

  1. The village has changed a lot. I grew up there.
  2. I ran into an old friend on Facebook. I haven't seen her for twenty years.
  3. The movie was boring. I saw it last week.
  4. I am reading a blog post. It talks about adjective clauses.
  5. The man is my teacher. He wrote the article.
  6. Saturday is the day. We are going to have a picnic to the beach on that day.
  7. We visited a farmer. His house is at the foot of a mountain.
  8. I will explain my absence to my teacher. I missed his class.
  9. The foreigner came from UK. I had conversation with him on a bus.
  10. The TV program was good. I watched it last night.
Untuk mempelajari adjective clause atau relative clause secara lebih terperinci, baca Adjective Clause.

Untuk mengetahui posisi adjective clause atau relative clause sebagai testing point dalam test TOEFL, baca Tips TOEFL: Strategi Mengerjakan Test TOEFL Dengan Mengenali Testing Point.
Reference:
  1. Azar B.S. Understanding and Using English Grammar (2nd Ed). NJ: Prentice-Hall. Inc, 1989.
  2. Thomson & Martinet. A Practical English Grammar (4th Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
  3. Swan, M. Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.
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