Mister Guru

I. Definition and function of news items

II. Generic structure of news items

1. Main / newsworthy Event(s): recounts the event in the form of summary
2. Background Events: elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
3. Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and/or authorities expert on the event.

III. Lexicogrammatical features of news items

• Short, telegraphic information about the story captured in headline.
• Use of material processes to retell the event.
  Material processes (usually action verbs) show that some entity physically does something to some other entity. It gives information about the process of doing something. E.g. killed, searched, crashed, rescued, etc.
• Use of projecting verbal processes in sources stage.
  Verbal processes represent process of ‘saying’. E.g. said, told, explained, informed, etc.
• Focus on Circumstances (e.g. mostly within Qualifiers).

IV. Examples of news items

A. Identify the parts of the following news texts.

B. Comprehension Exercise.

Choose whether each of the following sentences is TRUE or FALSE based on the relevant text.

1. These sentences refer to news text 1.
   1. The text is about a natural disaster.
   2. The flash flood killed eight people.
   3. When the news was published, six people were still missing.
   4. The flash floods happened in Malang and Batu following severe and heavy rains.
   5. Deforestation and poor mitigation planning may cause landslides and flash floods.
2. These sentences refer to news text 2.
   1. The text talks about a warning of potential extreme weather in Indonesia.
   2. The public is expected to prevent the possible impact of hydrometeorological disasters.
   3. The impact of hydrometeorological disasters includes floods, landslides, flash floods, forest fires, fallen trees, and others.
   4. The warning was based on the latest analysis on atmospheric dynamics.
   5. Kelvin and Rossby are experts in meteorology, climatology, and geophysics.
3. These sentences refer to news text 3.
   1. The news talks about the causes of climate change in Asia.
   2. A new study suggests that tropical storms in the Pacific Ocean could be much more destructive by the end of the century.
   3. Between 1979 and 2016, typhoons remained the same in duration and size of areas.
   4. According to studies, global warming, due to emissions of greenhouse gases, is the cause of extreme weather phenomena.
   5. Typhoon Rai hitting the Philippines on Dec. 16 killed at least 388 people and damaged more than 400,000 houses.
4. These sentences refer to news text 4.
   1. The news mainly talks about the increase of Omicron cases among the members of Pediatric Association.
   2. Based on the text, we can conclude that on-site learning activities, known as PTM 100%, contributed to the increase of Covid-19 cases among children.
   3. Covid cases on children increased by 300% during the month of January.
   4. The Education Ministry has applied back-to-school policy at 50% capacity as a response to the increasing Covid cases.
   5. IDAI makes phone calls to parents to interview them about the health protocols of their children.

Past continuous tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan saat kita membicarakan suatu aktifitas atau peristiwa yang sedang dilakukan atau sedang terjadi pada saat tertentu di masa lampau.

Sebagai ilustrasi, lihatlah gambar di atas dan perhatikan bentuk kata kerja (verbs) pada kalimat-kalimat dalam paragraf singkat berikut ini:

• At ten o'clock, Nancy was working out.
• She wasn't cooking.

Kata-kata yang dicetak tebal pada kedua kalimat di atas inilah contoh kata kerja dalam bentuk Continuous tense.

I. Bentuk dan Struktur Past Continuous tense

A. Kalimat Afirmatif / positif.

B. Kalimat Interogatif / tanya.

C. Kalimat Negatif / penyangkalan.

II. Penggunaan Past Continuous tense.

1. Membicarakan kegiatan / peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Kegiatan / peristiwa tersebut dimulai sebelum waktu itu, dan saat itu masih sedang terjadi dan belum berakhir.
   Contoh kalimat:
   • At ten o'clock, Nancy was working out. She wasn't cooking. She started cooking at nine, and finished at eleven.
   • Yesterday I watched a movie on the internet. The movie started at 7 pm and finished at 9 pm. At 8 pm yesterday, I was watching the movie.
   
2. Dalam bercerita, past continuous tense umumnya digunakan untuk menggambarkan situasi yang menjadi latar belakang sebuah adegan. Cerita tersebut seringkali dimulai dengan past continuous tense untuk menggambarkan peristiwa yang menjadi latar belakang, lalu dilanjutkan dengan kalimat dalam simple past tense untuk menceritakan adegan yang terjadi.
   Contoh:
   "The farmer and his wife were working in their farm. The sun was shining. The wind was blowing gently. The birds were chirping on the trees around the farm. Suddenly, they heard a loud explosion from the barn."
3. Past continuous tense sering digunakan bersama simple past tense dengan kata penghubung "when" atau "while" untuk 2 (dua) peristiwa/kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu yang bersamaan di masa lampau. Past continuous tense digunakan untuk peristiwa/kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung saat peristiwa/kegiatan lainnya terjadi (biasanya menggunakan bentuk simple past tense). Jadi past continuous membicarakan peristiwa/kegiatan yang lebih lama, sedangkan simple past tense membicarakan peristiwa yang tiba-tiba terjadi pada saat itu.

   Pada contoh kalimat di bawah ini, ada 2 (dua) peristiwa/kegiatan yang sedang dibicarakan.

   1. Kegiatan yang lebih lama (she was watching a movie at 8 pm), menggunakan bentuk past continuous tense.
   2. Peristiwa yang tiba-tiba terjadi (the door opened), menggunakan bentuk simple past tense.
   Kedua peristiwa/kegiatan tersebut bisa diungkapkan dalam satu kalimat dengan menggunakan kata hubung "when" (untuk peristiwa yang tiba-tiba terjadi) atau "while" (untuk kegiatan yang lebih lama). Contoh-contoh kalimat di bawah ini menggunakan 4 (empat) kombinasi yang berbeda:
   • She was watching a movie when the door opened.
   • When the door opened, she was watching a movie.
   • While she was watching a movie, the door opened.
   • The door opened while she was watching a movie.
   Catat bahwa "when the door opened" juga merupakan keterangan waktu.
4. Past Continuous juga sering digunakan dengan "while" untuk membicarakan dua kegiatan / peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung secara bersamaan di waktu lampau. Kedua kegiatan / peristiwa tersebut berlangsung selama beberapa lama, dan keduanya menggunakan bentuk Past Continuous tense. Contoh:
   • While I was sunbathing, my friends were playing beach volleyball.
   • He was playing a video game while his sister was watching a movie.
   • The mechanic was repairing the car while Andy was curiously watching him.
5. Past continuous seringkali digunakan bersama frase "I was wondering if you could/would…….., I was hoping, and I was thinking". Di sini, past continuous digunakan agar permintaan atau saran terdengar lebih halus dan sopan. Contoh:
   • I was wondering if you’d like to go out with me for dinner one evening.
   • I was hoping you would be able to come to my party.
6. Past continuous digunakan untuk menggambarkan situasi yang sedang berubah. Contoh:
   • It was getting darker. The wind was rising.
   • Despite the headwinds created by the COVID-19, the economy was recovering.
7. Pada kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech), past continuous digunakan untuk mengganti kata kerja berbentuk present continuous. Contoh:
   • Ann said, "I am still working."
     Ann said that she was still working.
8. Sama halnya dengan present continuous, ada beberapa kata kerja (verbs) yang tidak biasa digunakan dalam bentuk past continuous.

1. John (work) in his office at 10 am this morning.
2. When I walked past his house, he (mow) the lawn.
3. The sun (shine) while the afternoon breeze (blow).
4. The teacher (explain) his lesson when the fire alarm went off.
5. Jane (practice) the piano at 8 pm last night.
6. He (not joke) when he told the news.
7. The children (not play) football at 4 pm this afternoon.
8. What you (do) at 7 pm last night?
9. What he (do) when you entered the room?
10. Mom (cook) when Dad called her.
11. We (work) in the garden when it started to rain.
12. She left early because it (snow).
13. They (visit) the museum at 10 am this morning.
14. At 8 am yesterday morning, the students (do) their test.
15. At that time, the moon (hide) behind the cloud.

1. When the principal (appear) at the classroom door, some students (make) a presentation. They (talk) about cyberbullying while others (listen) attentively.
2. At 8 am this morning, they (clean) the room. They (start) working at 7 and (finish) at about 10.
3. The boys (practice) when David (call). He (say) that he was still at work.

A. Using Positive Degree:

• The tiger is as dangerous as the lion.
• For me, the rose is as beautiful as the sunflower.

B. Using Comparative degree:

• Apples are smaller than coconuts.
• This motorcycle is more expensive than that one.

C. Using Superlative degree:

• John is the tallest boy in his class.
• The rose is the most beautiful flower in my garden.

I. Write the comparative of the adjectives below.

1. pretty: ....
2. interesting: ....
3. strong: ....
4. serious: ....
5. happy: ....
6. good: ....
7. bad: ....
8. delicious: ....
9. loud: ....
10. heavy: ....

II. Multiple choice quiz.

III. Look at the pictures below and complete each sentence using the given adjectives.

1. A is ...(big)... B.
2. A is ...(big)... C.
3. C is ...(small)... A.
4. C is ...(small)... box.
5. C is not ...(big)... B.
6. B is ...(big)... than C.

7. The red motorcycle is ...(fast)... the green one.
8. The blue motorcycle is ...(slow)... the yellow one.
9. The blue motorcycle is ...(fast)... the red one.
10. The yellow motorcycle is ...(fast)... of all.
11. The blue motorcycle is not ...(fast)... the yellow one.
12. The green motorcycle is much ...(slow)... the yellow one.
13. The green motorcycle is ...(slow)... of all.
14. The yellow motorcycle is much ...(fast)... the green one.
15. The green motorcycle is ...(fast)... the yellow one.

III. Complete each of the below sentences using a comparative.

1. My job isn't very interesting. I want to do something ....
2. He is not very tall. His brother is ....
3. My car is old. I want to buy a ... one.
4. These flowers aren't very nice. The blue ones are ....
5. My chair is not comfortable. Yours is ....
6. This car is too expensive. I want to buy a ... one.
7. The food here isn't very good. I know a place that serves ... food.
8. Tom doesn't work very hard. Jim works ....
9. This knife isn't very sharp. Have you got a ... one?
10. Our team didn't play well. The opponent played ....
11. This beach isn't very beautiful. Mandalika beach is ....
12. People today aren't very polite. In the past they were ....
13. This table is too big. Let's find a ... one.
14. Lombok is too far. I think we'll visit a ... place.
15. The exercise is too difficult for them. They need something ....

Things Around Us

Things are similar in some ways too. Let's take a look at how things can be similar.

Things have weight

Some things, such as a pencil or a feather, are light. We can lift them easily. Some things, such as a cupboard or a desk, are heavy. We cannot lift them easily.

It is easy to lift an empty pail, but when the pail is full of water, it is harder to lift it. This shows that water has weight.

What about air? Does it have weight? Air, like water, and all the things around us, has weight too.

Things occupy space

The books occupy half the space in the cupboard. There is still space for some more books.

The glass is filled with colored water. The water occupies all the space in the glass. What do you think will happen if you put a few pieces of ice into the glass of water?

Air occupies space too. When we blow air into a balloon, the air fills the space inside the balloon.

In science, anything that has weight and occupies space is called matter.

I. Match each word with its synonym.

II. State whether these sentences are "TRUE" or "FALSE"

III. Complete this crossword puzzle.

A. TELLING SURPRISING NEWS

• Guess what!
• Surprise!
• I’ve got news for you!
• Do you know what!
• Are you sitting down?
• You’d better sit down!
• You won’t believe this, but...

B. EXPRESSING AMAZEMENT / ADMIRATION

C. EXPRESSING SURPRISE

• I’m really surprised at ....
• Oh no! It can’t be (true)!
• My goodness!
• What a surprise!
• What on earth is that thing?
• I was shocked by ....
• It’s too good to be true!
• It’s unbelievable!
• I can’t believe it!
• Incredible!
• It’s really beyond belief!

I. Match each incomplete sentence into the correct word, "How" or "What".

II. Arrange these jumbled sentences

1. experience – what – had – unforgettable – an – we
2. was – fascinating – sunset – how – the
3. actress – a – beautiful – what – is – she
4. a – family – our – dinner – had – what – fantastic
5. the – next – how – girl – is – adorable – door
6. succeed – she – how – to – hard – tried
7. perfect – by – what – Ronaldo – ball – a – long
8. the – astonishing – was – sight – how
9. hall – a – conference – large – what – is – it
10. for – what – the – team – a – new – year – successful

III. Complete the following dialogues using your own words.

Dialogue 1

Dialogue 2

Dialogue 3

Participle itu sendiri sebenarnya adalah turunan dari kata kerja (verb). Ada 2 (dua) jenis participle, yaitu;

1. Present participle, yang dikenal sebagai kata kerja (verb) berakhiran -ing, contoh; interesting, drawing, amazing, shocking, dsb.
2. Past participle, atau dikenal sebagai kata kerja ke-3 (verb 3), contoh; interested, drawn, amazed, shocked, dsb.

A. Perbedaan antara Present Participle dengan Past Participle

Sebagai kata sifat, kedua jenis participle ini memberikan makna yang berbeda terhadap kata benda yang dibicarakan. Lihat contoh kalimat yang menggunakan participle di bawah ini:

B. Daftar Participial Adjective

A. Horse Race Game

B. Sentence Completion Exercise

1. The ... announcement has raised questions among the students. (confuse)
2. The ... students did not know what uniform to wear on the following day. (confuse)
3. The ... film caused me to fall asleep. (bore)
4. The ... audience fell asleep during the speech. (bore)
5. The ... brochure provides tourists with the information they need. (enclose)
6. The team were ... when they heard about the approval. (excite).
7. I was very ... to see what was happening at that time. (shock)
8. This is one of the most ... books I’ve ever read. (interest)
9. The children soon fell asleep after the ... journey. (tire)
10. Our vacation was ruined by the ... experience. (frighten)
11. Aceh was completely destroyed by a ... tsunami on December 26, 2004. (devastate)
12. The process of repairing ... buildings and streets took years to complete. (damage)
13. The snake is still a ... sight for most women. (terrify)
14. The ... workers sat down to rest under the shade of a tree. (exhaust)
15. His experiences in Jakarta were rather .... (depress)
16. The woman was trying to comfort the ... child when a policeman came. (cry)
17. Lapindo tragedy clearly wiped out many ... business opportunities in the area. (promise)
18. To anticipate the ... volume of air passengers in the holiday season, the airline has added more than 40,000 seats to 14 routes. (increase)
19. The new ... system is equipped with an advanced protection system. (operate)
20. A month after the theft, the ... jewelry was recovered. (steal)