TOEFL® Preparation Exercise: Reducing An Adjective Clause Into An Adjective Phrase

1. Combine the following sentences using adjective clauses. Please pay attention to the punctuation, and put commas where necessary.
2. Reduce the adjective clauses into adjective phrases

Example:

1. On 27 October 1945, a British plane from Jakarta dropped leaflets over Surabaya. They urged all Indonesian troops and militia to surrender their weapons.
   
   1. On 27 October 1945, a British plane from Jakarta dropped leaflets over Surabaya which urged all Indonesian troops and militia to surrender their weapons.
   2. On 27 October 1945, a British plane from Jakarta dropped leaflets over Surabaya urging all Indonesian troops and militia to surrender their weapons.
2. The Battle of Surabaya became a symbol of resistance to the re-imposition of Dutch colonial rule. It cost the lives of many thousands of Indonesians.
   
   1. The Battle of Surabaya, which cost the lives of many thousands of Indonesians, became a symbol of resistance to the re-imposition of Dutch colonial rule.
   2. The Battle of Surabaya, costing the lives of many thousands of Indonesians, became a symbol of resistance to the re-imposition of Dutch colonial rule.

1. Jakarta is very crowded. It is the capital city of Indonesia.
2. The car belongs to Mr. Harun. It is parked under the tree.
3. The old woman makes a very good living by selling clothes. She lives next door.
4. He borrowed a book from the library. It is about Indonesian literature.
5. The girl is very attractive. She lives opposite my house.
6. The writer has just written an article. It criticizes the system of education in Indonesia.
7. In playing football, the children use a small ball. It is made of solid rubber.
8. I have found a letter. It is addressed to one of our important clients.
9. She bought a book. It is written by a famous author.
10. I know the lady. She was driving the car.
11. Rujak Cingur is a traditional East Javanese dish. It is made of salad, chicken, and seafood.
12. The krill is a tiny sea animal. It looks like a shrimp.
13. A supernova produced the famous Crab nebula. It is a favorite among astronomers.
14. The St. Bernard is a breed of very large working dog from the Italian and Swiss Alps. It is originally bred for rescue.
15. Sunlight can be used to generate electricity by means of cells. They contain substances that emit electrons when bombarded with protons.
16. Positive thinkers look at life with an attitude of hope. It influences their environment in a way that creates positive results.
17. Cato the Elder was born in Tusculum. It was a municipal town of Latium.
18. Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in adults. It is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the retina.
19. Anne Boleyn was the second wife of King Henry VIII. She was beheaded at the age of 29.
20. A new species of tomato has been developed. It is adapted to harsh climatic conditions.
21. Edward Kazarian uses microscopes and diamond-tipped tools to create figures the size of the head of a pin. He is a master of making miniatures.
22. The vast oil spill cost millions to clean up. It smeared the coast.
23. Majapahit kingdom reached its peak of glory during the era of Hayam Wuruk. He reigned from 1350 to 1389.
24. James wrote an article. The article indicated that he disliked the president.
25. The man was brought to the police station. He confessed to the crime.

Reference:

1. Gear J & Gear R. Cambridge Preparation for the TOEFL® Test 2nd Ed. Cambridge, Cambridge UP, 1996.
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya. Accessed Sept 25, 2011.