Mister Guru

oth - and, Either - or, dan Neither - nor dalam bahasa Inggris adalah merupakan kata sambung berpasangan yang disebut "Paired Conjunction". Fungsinya adalah untuk menggabungkan dua kata benda, kata kerja, kata sifat, maupun kata keterangan demi efisiensi kalimat. Yang harus selalu diingat dalam penggabungan ini adalah struktur yang paralel, atau setingkat, misal kata benda harus digabungkan dengan kata benda, bukan dengan jenis kata lainnya. Selanjutnya, mari kita lihat penjelasan di bawah ini.

1. Both ... and

Both ... and ...memiliki makna 'one and the other' (kedua-duanya, baik yang ini maupun yang itu). Jika posisinya adalah subyek, both ... and ... membutuhkan kata kerja plural (jamak). Contoh:Both ... and ... bisa digunakan untuk memberi penekanan pada 2 (dua) kombinasi kata sifat (adjective), kata benda (noun), atau kata kerja (verb). Contoh:Tambahan:
Ada beberapa macam penggunaan both selain yang telah disebutkan di atas:

• Both bisa berdiri sendiri atau diikuti oleh kata benda (noun)
• Both bisa diikuti (of) + the/these/those atau possessives
• Both bisa diikuti of + us/you/them
• A personal pronoun + both is also possible

Contoh:

2. Either ... or

'Either ... or' digunakan dalam kalimat bermakna positif, yang berarti "one or the other, this or that, he or she" (salah satu dari dua, yang ini atau yang itu). Jika posisinya adalah subyek, kata kerja (verb) yang dibutuhkan bergantung pada subyek yang ada tepat di depan kata kerja. Contoh:Tambahan:
"Either" bisa berdiri sendiri maupun digunakan bersama kata benda (noun/pronoun), atau dengan "of + the/these/those". Dalam struktur demikian, either membutuhkan kata kerja tunggal (singular). Contoh:

3. Neither ... nor

'Neither ... nor' digunakan dengan kata kerja berbentuk positif, namun menjadikan kalimat bermakna negatif, yang berarti "not this one nor the other, not this nor that, not he nor she"" (bukan/tidak yang ini maupun yang itu, tidak kedua-duanya). Jika posisinya adalah subyek, kata kerja (verb) yang dibutuhkan bergantung pada subyek yang ada tepat di depan kata kerja. Contoh:Tambahan:
"Neither" bisa berdiri sendiri maupun digunakan bersama kata benda (noun/pronoun), atau dengan "of + the/these/those". Dalam struktur demikian, neither membutuhkan kata kerja tunggal (singular). Contoh:

4. Persamaan "Not either ... or" dengan "Neither ... nor"

"Not either ... or" bermakna sama dan bisa menggantikan "neither ... nor", kecuali jika sebagai subyek kalimat. Contoh:

Lengkapilah kalimat-kalimat berikut ini dengan "Both ... and", "Either ... or", atau "Neither ... nor".

1. We really had a great time at the beach. The weather was ... warm ... sunny.
2. Our holiday was ruined. Almost all of the time, the weather was ... clear ... sunny.
3. We have to find another room because this room isn't ... large ... bright.
4. Experts are now working hard to find a cure for COVID-19. They are testing ... anti-viral medications ... vaccines.
5. ... the government ... the people were prepared for COVID-19 outbreak.
6. We don't know why he was absent yesterday. He didn't ... call ... send a message.
7. Choose whichever you like. You can have ... fried chicken ... fried duck.
8. I think you should help them. They need ... your help ... your advice.
9. I can't move ... this box ... that one by myself. They are too heavy.
10. The classroom is very dirty. ... the floor ... the tables have been cleaned for the whole week.
11. It's urgent. We need your immediate confirmation ... by email ... by fax.
12. To help stop the spread of germs, when you cough cover your mouth with ... a tissue ... your upper sleeve, not your hands.
13. She isn't at the office right now. She must be ... having lunch ... attending a meeting on the second floor.
14. ... Wina ... Vita showed up at the party. They said they had a very important meeting at their office.
15. He is a good teacher. ... his explanation ... his examples are clear and easy to understand.

^{BSESD-Cls 1 080810 0145 PM 655}

entuk kata kerja "Used to + Infinitive" dan "be used to + noun/gerund" dalam bahasa Inggris sangat sering disalah-artikan. Keduanya dianggap sama dengan kata kerja "use" yang berarti "memakai", "menggunakan", atau "memanfaatkan". Padahal ketiganya sangat berbeda, tidak saja dari segi bentuk, tapi juga yang terpenting makna dan penggunaannya. Untuk lebih jelasnya, mari kita pelajari di sini mulai dari bentuk hingga makna dan penggunaannya.

1. Bentuk "Used To" dan "Be Used To"

Used to + Infinitive (Verb 1)	Be/Get Used to + Noun/Pronoun/Gerund
Kalimat positif/afirmatif: She used to live in Tokyo.	Kalimat positif/afirmatif: She is used to living in a big city. She gets used to living in a big city.
Kalimat negatif: She did not (didn't) use to live in Tokyo. atau She used not (usedn't) to live in Tokyo.	Kalimat negatif: She is not (isn't) used to living in a big city. She does not (doesn't) get used to living in a big city.
Kalimat tanya/Interogatif: Did she use to live in Tokyo? Used she to live in Tokyo?	Kalimat tanya/Interogatif: Is she used to living in a big city? Does she get used to living in a big city?

2. Penggunaan "Used To" dan "Be Used To"

Used + to Infinitive (Verb 1)	Be/Get Used to + Noun/Pronoun/Gerund
"Used to" berfungsi sebagai verb (kata kerja), seperti modals, diikuti oleh Infinitive (verb 1)	"Be used to" berfungsi sebagai adjective (kata sifat), didahului oleh "be/get/become", lalu diikuti Noun/Pronoun/Gerund.
"Used to" adalah bentuk lampau, tidak memiliki bentuk "present" (sekarang).	"Be", "Get", atau "Become" bisa dalam tense (bentuk waktu) apapun, past, present, atau future.
"Used to" digunakan untuk membicarakan kebiasaan lampau atau situasi lampau yang sudah tidak dilakukan lagi sekarang, dan berbeda dengan kebiasaan atau kondisi sekarang. Contoh: She used to live in Tokyo; now she lives in Osaka. He used to dislike spicy food but he quite likes it now. "Used to" bisa memiliki kesamaan dengan "would", untuk membicarakan kebiasaan/situasi lampau, tanpa membandingkan dengan kebiasaan/kondisi sekarang. Contoh kalimat: When I was a little boy, I used to play traditional games with my friends. After school, we used to spend our afternoon playing kites near a rice field.	Sebagai kata sifat (adjective), used to bermakna 'terbiasa' atau 'accustomed'. Contoh kalimat: I am used to noise. I am used to working in a noisy room. You will soon get used to automatic transmission. You will soon get used to driving with automatic transmission. They soon got used to the traffic regulations. They soon got used to driving on the left.

3. Contoh kalimat yang menggunakan "Used to" dan "Be used to"

• I used to drink a lot of cold drinks; now I prefer warm pure water.
• Every morning Andi used to say goodbye to his mother before leaving for school.
• Her mother used to stand at the door and wave goodbye.
• In the afternoon she used to welcome him home and ask him about his day.
• I am used to cold weather. I used to live in a snowy country before, so the cold doesn't bother me at all.
• I'm used to eating rice for my meals, so I find these lunches rather unsatisfying.
• Sari doesn’t travel much these days. She prefers to stay at home. But she used to travel a lot. She used to go away two or three times a year.
• I used to play table tennis a lot, but I don’t play very much now.
• I bought some new shoes..They felt a little strange at first because I wasn’t used to them.
• I wouldn’t like to share a room. I’m used to living alone.

I. Lengkapi kalimat-kalimat berikut dengan "used to + verb (kata kerja)" yang sesuai. Lihat contoh nomer 1.

1. Hari ...(travel)... a lot, but he doesn’t go away much these days.
   Hari used to travel a lot, but he doesn’t go away much these days.
2. Sophie ...(ride)... a motorbike, but last year she sold it and bought a car.
3. Our friends moved to Malang a few years ago. They ...(live)... in Probolinggo.
4. Before the existence of internet, people ...(send)... letters by mail.
5. I rarely eat ice cream now, but I ...(eat)... it when I was a child.

II. Lengkapi kalimat-kalimat berikut dengan "be/get used to + verb (kata kerja)" yang sesuai. Lihat contoh nomer 1.

1. I’m not lonely. I don’t need other people. I ...(be)... on my own.
   I’m not lonely. I don’t need other people. I am used to being on my own.
2. I don’t feel good. I stayed up until 3 am. I ...(not - go)... to bed so late.
3. If you work as a receptionist, you’ll have to ...(meet)... new people.
4. My feet hurt. I can’t go any further. I ...(not - walk)... so far.
5. I like this part of town. I’ve been here a long time, so I ...(be)... here.

III. Pilihlah jawaban yang paling tepat, "used to" atau "be/get used to".

1. This building is now abandoned. It ... be a cinema.
   1. was used to
   2. used to
2. I ... living alone. It’s not a problem for me because I’ve lived alone for some time.
   1. am used to
   2. used to
3. I ... think Mark was unfriendly, but now I realise he’s a very nice person.
   1. used to
   2. was used to
4. I’ve started drinking coffee recently. I never ... like it before.
   1. got used to
   2. used to
5. Lisa ... have very long hair when she was a child.
   1. was used to
   2. used to
6. Susan ... spend a lot of money on clothes. These days she can’t afford it.
   1. was used to
   2. used to
7. We ... live in a small village, but now we live in a city.
   1. was used to
   2. used to
8. There ... be four cinemas in the town. Now there is only one.
   1. was used to
   2. used to
9. Gita: "Do you go to the cinema much?"
   Iva: "Not now, but I ...."
   1. was used to
   2. used to
10. ... eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?
    1. Did you get used to
    2. Did you use to

IV. Lengkapi kalimat-kalimat berikut dengan bentuk "used to + infinitive" atau "be/get used to + noun/pronoun/gerund"

1. Our new apartment is on a busy street. It’s very disturbing because we ...(not - live) ... in a noisy environment.
2. It only takes me about 40 minutes to get to work now that the new highway is open. It ...(take)... more than an hour.
3. Sarah is a nurse. A year ago she started working nights. At first it was hard for her as she ...(not - work)... nights.
4. There ...(be)... a hotel near the airport, but it closed a long time ago.
5. I ...(work)... in a factory. I decided to quit because I wanted to be a teacher.
6. Lisa comes from the United States. When she first drove a car in Indonesia, driving was a problem for her because she ...(not - drive)... on the left.
7. Friend: Wouldn’t you prefer to sleep in a bed?
   You: No, it's OK. I ...(sleep)... on the floor. It's my habit.
8. There was a river near my house where I ...(go)... fishing with my Dad when I was a child.
9. What games ...(you - play)... when you were a child?
10. Jack has to drive two hours to work every morning. Many years ago, when he first had to do this, it was hard for him and he didn’t like it because he ...(not - drive)... that long every morning.
11. In your last job, how many hours a day ...(you - spend)... to work?
12. Dani moved from a big house to a much smaller one. He found it strange at first. He had to ...(live)... in a much smaller house.
13. I ...(run)... ten kilometers, but I can’t run that far now.
14. These days I eat more than before. I ...(not - eat)... much.
15. Helen has a new job. She has to get up much earlier now than before. She finds this difficult because she ...(not - get)... up so early.

Reference:

• Raymond Murphy. English Grammar in Use (5th Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019
• Thomson & Martinet. A Practical English Grammar (4th Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986

^{BSE SMK 6211 4:53 AM 1655}

Read and practice the dialogue below.

Wendy:	When you were a boy, Paul, where did you live? What were your hobbies? Tell me everything.
Paul:	Well, Wendy, there isn't much to tell. When I was boy, my family used to live in the country - about a hundred miles from the city.
Wendy:	I didn't know you used to live in the country!
Paul:	You've never asked me about it before.
Wendy:	But my family used to live in the country too, Paul. And we lived about a hundred miles from the city too! Where did you use to live?
Paul:	Oh, I used to live at Wyanna.
Wendy:	At Wyanna? We used to live at Listerton. That's only a few miles from Wyanna!
Paul:	Fancy that! As a matter of fact, I used to go to the Listerton school. I used to travel to school by bus every day.
Wendy:	And I used to go to the Listerton school too, of course. I used to ride my bicycle to school every day. Think of it, Paul! We used to go to the same school, but we didn't know one another in those days.
Paul:	No, we didn't. You must have been in a different class. Oh, I used to enjoy travelling by bus. A lot of children from Wyanna used to travel to school by bus every day, and we used to sing songs in the bus. And we used to whistle too!
Wendy:	Oh, the poor bus-driver! I enjoyed riding my bicycle to school. I used to ride to school with several other children, and we used to play games on the way to school.
Paul:	What sort of games did you play?
Wendy:	Oh, we used to count the number of cars we saw, or the number of horses, or something like that. They were very simple games. And we often used to whistle and sing, of course.
Paul:	After school, I used to like making things in my father's workshop. I had my own hammer and my own saw, and I never used my father's tools, because he said I wasn't used to expensive tools .... What did you do after school, Wendy?
Wendy:	Oh, I used to read books, or play with my dolls. I used to water the garden every day for my father. I'd forgotten that! I never water the garden now. I wonder if Daddy remembers that I watered it every day at Listerton.
Paul:	Well, I never make things now. I haven't used a hammer or a saw for many years. Now I'm a university student. I don't have time for things like that.
Wendy:	Well, I used to like living in the country, but I'm used to the city now.
Paul:	I liked the country too, but now I'm used to lectures and essays and examinations!
Wendy:	Would you like to go back to Wyanna and Listerton for a holiday one day?
Paul:	I wouldn't mind a holiday there, but I suppose everything is different now.

^{(Adapted from: English For You - Radio Australia, Lesson No. 97)}

1. What is the topic of the above conversation?
2. Where does the conversation probably take place?
3. What is the most probable relationship between the speakers?
4. Before the conversation, did the speakers know that they used to go to the same school?
5. How did Wendy and Paul use to travel to school?
6. What did they use to do on the way to school?
7. What did they use to do after school?
8. Why did Paul never use his father's tools?
9. What is their opinion about living in the country?
10. Please copy all the sentences with "used to" and "be used to", and note how they are different in structure and meaning.You may refer to THIS PAGE.

^{PV 2698}

eringkali kita merasa bingung tentang penggunaan "will" dan "be going to" untuk membicarakan kejadian di masa yang akan datang (Future) dalam bahasa Inggris. Meskipun "will" dan "be going to" sama-sama dipakai untuk membicarakan kegiatan atau kejadian di waktu yang akan datang, ada situasi-situasi di mana kita harus membedakan keduanya.

1. Contoh Dialog dengan “Will” dan “be Going to”

Perhatikan penggunaan kata kerja berbentuk Future “will” dan “be going to” dalam dialog-dialog singkat berikut ini. Dialog A:
Tom: "What are you going to do with those ice cream sticks?"
Bill: "I am going to make a toy ship for my school assignment."
Tom: "Oh, great. By the way, will you come with me to a football game this afternoon?"
Bill: "Certainly, but I'll have to finish my assignment first."

Dialog B:
(Seorang manager sedang berbicara di telpon dengan seorang karyawannya)
Manager: I need the report soon. Have you finished with it?
Lisa: In a minute. I will hand it to you when it's ready.
(Setelah laporan selesai, Lisa pergi menuju kantor managernya. Dia bertemu Ita, temannya.)
Ita: Where are you going?
Lisa: I’m going to see the manager. He needs this report.

Dialog C:
(Dua orang pelajar sedang berbincang santai saat tiba-tiba langit mendung.)
Boy: It’s very cloudy. I think it’s going to rain.
Girl: I think so. It’s getting colder now.
Boy: By the way, how is Ryan? Has he recovered from his illness?
Girl: Well, there are signs of improvement. I think he’s going to recover soon. The doctor says he’s going to be all right.
Boy: I’m relieved to hear that. Hey, what about some ice cream?
Girl: I’ve been on a diet for almost a week. So, I’m not going to eat ice creams.

Apakah kalian sudah tahu apa perbedaan makna yang tersirat dari bentuk "will" dan "be going to" dalam kalimat-kalimat pada dialog di atas, serta bagaimana menggunakannya dan membedakannya? Mari kita pelajari penjelasan dan contoh-contoh di bawah ini.

2. Perbedaan Penggunaan “Will” dan “be Going to”

Berikut ini penjelasan tentang perbedaan penggunaan bentuk “will” dan “be going to”, seperti dijabarkan dalam buku "Practical English Grammar" (Thomson & Martinet).

1. Bentuk be going to menyiratkan adanya niat yang sudah direncanakan atau dipersiapkan sebelumnya, sedangkan bentuk will hanya menyiratkan niat tanpa ada rencana sebelumnya. Lihatlah contoh-contoh kalimat di bawah ini:
   
   • I have bought some bricks and I'm going to build a garage.(ada rencana & persiapan sebelumnya)
   • There is somebody at the hall door. - I'll go and open it.(niat saja tanpa ada rencana/persiapan sebelumnya)
2. Jika niat tersebut tidak diketahui secara jelas apakah sudah direncanakan sebelumnya atau tidak, bentuk going to atau will bisa digunakan tanpa ada perbedaan:
   
   • I will/am going to climb that mountain one day.
   • I won't/am not going to tell you my age.
3. "Will" digunakan untuk menyatakan tekad atau keputusan yang bulat dari orang pertama (I/we), dengan penekanan pengucapan (stress) pada kata "will":
   I will help you. = 'I definitely intend to help you'.
   Sedangkan, kalimat yang menjelaskan niat dari orang kedua (you) atau ketiga (he/she/it/they) umumnya menggunakan bentuk "be going to":
   
   • He is going to resign.
   • Are you going to leave without paying?
4. Pada kalimat negatif, "not going to" bermakna "tidak berencana/tidak bermaksud", sedangkan "won't" pada umumnya memiliki makna "menolak"
   • He won't resign = "He refuses to resign.".
   • He isn't going to resign = "He doesn't intend to resign".
5. "Be going to" digunakan untuk mengacu pada waktu yang segera/tidak lama lagi dan biasanya sudah tampak gejala/tanda-tandanya, sedangkan "will" bisa mengacu baik pada waktu yang segera maupun lebih lama lagi.
   • Look at the dark cloud! It's going to rain.
   • Rainy season is coming. It will rain a lot here.

3. Contoh Perbedaan "Will" vs "Be Going to" Sebagai Future Tense

Beberapa kalimat contoh untuk membedakan "Be Going to" dan "Will"

	Sentence	Meaning
	Dialog 1:
Santi:	We are running out of cooking gas.
Andi:	I'm going to get some today.	(sudah direncanakan sebelumnya)
	I'll get some today.	(spontan dan belum direncanakan)
	Dialog 2:
Syifa:	Where is the printed report?
Rosa:	I’ll get it for you.	(spontan dan tidak direncanakan)
	I'm going to get it.	(sudah direncanakan sebelumnya)

Ubahlah kata-kerja di dalam kurung ke dalam bentuk "be going to" atau "will". pada beberapa kalimat, kedua bentuk tersebut bisa digunakan.

1. Ida: What are you doing with that spade?
   Gani: l (plant) some cassava trees in the garden.
2. Rena: Oh, I think I've left my bag upstairs.
   Ivan: I (go) and get if for you.
   Rena: Thanks. You're very kind.
3. Priti: This is a terribly heavy box.
   Ulfa: I (help) you to carry it.
   Priti: That's very kind of you. Thanks.
4. My mom has bought some flour; she (make) a cake.
5. Vina: Why are you taking down all the pictures?
   Tasya: l (repaper) the room. I'm bored with the old look.
6. Some workmen arrived today with a roller. I think they (repair) our road.
7. Gita: Why are they carrying a saw?
   Ovy: They (cut) down the big tree behind this building.
8. Jane: Who will post these documents?
   Firda: I (do) it. I have to go to the bank and I can post it on my way there.
9. Sarah: you (lend) me your calculator?
   Wina: I'm sorry I'm still using it.
10. Umi: Do you think we have enough time to go to the station?
    Yoko: Well, if we hurry we (be) able to catch the train.
11. The project has been postponed because several land owners (not sign) the agreement.
12. Juli: Vina, we don't have any salt.
    Vina: Don't we? I (get) some from the shop nearby then.
13. Teacher: Have you decided what to do after you graduate?
    Udin: Yes, Sir. I (look) for a job and help my parents.
14. Desi: Do you have a plan for the weekend?
    Lila: Yes. I (spend) a night in Bromo with my family.
15. Satya: I don't know how to operate this camera.
    Yana: Alright, I (show) you.
16. Kiki: Have you replied the email from ABC Company?
    Linda: Oh, i'm sorry, I completely forgot. I (do) it now.
17. Sofi: What a heavy rain?
    Cita: Absolutely. I hope it (stop) soon.
18. Benny: I've got a terrible headache.
    Dika: Wait. I (get) you some medicine from the school clinic.
19. Lina: Has he arrived yet?
    Yeni: Not yet. I (inform) you when he does.
20. Nia: Do you hear that strange noise?
    Toni: Yes, I do. I think the engine (break).

Referensi:

• Azar B.S. Understanding and Using English Grammar (2nd Ed). NJ: Prentice-Hall. Inc, 1989.
• Thomson & Martinet. A Practical English Grammar (4th Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
• Swan, M. Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.

Baca juga: Prev: BSE SMK/MAK Kelas XII; 6/28/11, 9:11 PM
PV 6386

The Structure of Past Continuous Tense

Was/were + V-ingExamples:

• The wind was blowing gently.
• Some workers were repairing the road.
• Fani and I were walking along the beach.

How to Use Past Continuous Tense

1. Past continuous tense is used to talk about what was happening at a particular time in the past.
   • What were you doing yesterday at seven p.m.?
   • When she entered the room, the students were doing the assignment.
   Compare these two sentences. They refer to different situations:
   • When the guest arrived, we were still preparing dinner.
   • When the guest arrived, we prepared dinner.
2. In narratives (stories, etc.), the past continuous is often used for descriptions, and the past simple for events and actions.
   The bride was wearing a white dress and carrying a bouquet of lilies. Suddenly, a man stood up at the back of the church. He said ....
3. The past continuous is used for temporary actions and situations in the past. For longer or more permanent situations, we usually use the past simple.
   The earthquake happened while I was living in Bantul last year.
   I lived in Malang for ten years when I was a child.
4. In the expressions "I was wondering if you could/would…….., I was hoping, and I was thinking", the past continuous is used to make a request or suggestion sound more polite or less definite.
   I was wondering if you’d like to go out with me for dinner one evening.
5. The past continuous can be used to indicate a gradually developing situation.
   It was getting darker.
   The wind was rising.
6. In indirect speech, the past continuous is used as a past equivalent of the present continuous:
   He said, “She is working.” He said that she was working.
7. Just as in the present continuous, there are verbs that cannot be used in the past continuous.

A. Do this exercise. Put the verbs into the past continuous tense.

1. The children were frightened because it (get) dark.
2. He usually wears sandals but when I last saw him he (wear) boots.
3. The car had nobody in it but the engine (run).
4. Two children (play) on the sand and two fishermen (lean) against an upturned boat.
5. When I first met her she (sit) alone at the porch.
6. When I entered the library he (read) a book.
7. She (stand) at the bus stop. I asked her what bus she (wait) for.
8. I went into the garden to see what the boys (do). Ali (weed) and Eka (cut) the grass.
9. While he (learn) to drive he had five accidents.
10. While we (fish) somebody came and left this note.
11. As she (climb) the ladder it slipped sideways and she fell off it.
12. Tony didn’t eat much and said that he (try) to lose weight.
13. I couldn’t hear her because the traffic (make) a lot of noise.
14. From the sounds it was clear that someone (practice) the piano.
15. The exam had just begun and the candidates (write) their names at the top of their papers.

B. Put the verbs into the simple past or the past continuous. Click here to learn more about the differences between the simple past and the past continuous.

1. I (make) a cake when the light (go) out, so I (have) to finish it in the dark.
2. When I (arrive) the lecture had already started and the professor (write) on the overhead projector.
3. He suddenly (realize) that he (travel) in the wrong direction.
4. He (play) the guitar outside her house when someone (open) the window and (throw) out a bucket of water.
5. You (look) very busy when I (see) you last night. What you (do)?
6. To get home, he (have) to go through a field where a bad-tempered bull usually (graze).
7. This bull normally (not chase) people unless something (make) him angry.
8. Unfortunately, as he (cross) the field, his mobile phone suddenly (ring) loudly.
9. While he (water) the flowers it (begin) to rain. He (put) up his umbrella and (go) on watering.
10. I (find) this ring as I (dig) in the garden.
11. When he (arrive) at the station, his parents (wait) for him. As soon as he (see) them he (wave) his hand and (call) them.
12. The men (say) that they (work) on the road outside my house and that they (want) some water to make coffee.
13. Why you (lend) him that book? I still (read) it.
14. When I (call) the tailor yesterday he (say) that he (work) on my suit.
15. When I last (see) her she (hurry) along the road to the station. I (ask) her where she (go) and she (say), ‘Surabaya’.

^{BSESMK X 053111 0324PM 7081}

Talking about Plans and Predictions

Asking About Plans	Hiding Plans
What is your plan? What are you going to do ...? What do you intend to do ...? What are you planning to do ...?	I’ve got a particular plan. I can’t tell you now. You’ll see (later). Let’s wait and see.
Stating Plans	Predicting
My plan is .... I’m going to .... I intend to .... I’m planning to ....	Do you think ... will ...? ...will ..., I expect. You will .... It’s going to ....

Note:

The Difference between "WILL" and "BE GOING TO".

• “Will” is often used to express an unplanned and spontaneous decision.
• “Will” is usually used to indicate a future event or action with little certainty.
• “Be going to” is used to express something that is planned in the future.
• “Be going to” is also used to express something that is going to happen in the near future, or it is almost certain to happen.

See also Contrasting Future Forms: "Be Going To" VS "Will" and Perbedaan Penggunaan Bentuk WILL dengan BE GOING TO

Dialogue: Discussing Plans

Two friends are talking about their plans for the weekend.

Lina: What are you going to do this weekend, Yeni?
Yeni: I’ve got a particular plan.
Lina: What is it?
Yeni: Sorry, I can’t tell you now. You’ll see.
Lina: C’mon. What are you planning to do this weekend?
Yeni: Let’s wait and see, I told you. What about you? What’s your plan?
Lina: I think I will watch ‘Rumah Angker’. You know, that horror film.
Yeni: Well, I would watch another movie if I were you.
Lina: Really? But I like horror movies. They’re thrilling.
Yeni: Thrilling? It’s just not worth-seeing.
Lina: Why do you say so?
Yeni: I just don’t see the point of drowning ourselves in the movies about mystics and superstition when we are supposed to be more logical in this era of internet and technology.
Lina: Hey, do you think all movies should be logical? Besides, horror movies are becoming more and more popular each day.
Yeni: That's it. When a movie becomes a hit, a dozen movies with the same genre will follow. Movie producers will keep stuffing viewers with similar movies because they think people like them.
Lina: When a movie becomes popular, it means people like it. What’s wrong with that?
Yeni: Well, film makers will follow the trend. They will tend to make similar movies, very often without paying attention to quality. It will be full of ‘a flash in the pan’.
Lina: What did you say? ‘Something’ in the pan?
Yeni: A flash in the pan, something which enjoys popularity for a short time.
Lina: That’s new for me. Now, you haven't told me about your plan. What do you intend to do this weekend?
Yeni: Make a guess.
Lina: You will go swimming, I expect. You like swimming, right?
Yeni: Not this weekend. Maybe next.
Lina: You will go out of town, I suppose.
Yeni: No. This weekend is my dad's birthday, and we’re planning to give him a surprise party.
Lina: A surprise party? It must be fun.
Yeni: Certainly. I am looking forward to it.

Answer these questions.

1. What is the topic of the conversation?
2. What is the most probable relationship between the speakers?
3. What is Lina's plan for the weekend? And what is Yeni's?
4. What does Yeni think about Lina's plan?
5. Rewrite the sentences that indicate the speakers' plan.
6. Rewrite the sentences that indicate the speakers' prediction or guess.

Also read:^{BSE SMK 052111 0427 PM 8868}

	KOMPETENSI DASAR
3.6	Menganalisis fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan teks interaksi transaksional lisan dan tulis yang melibatkan tindakan memberi dan meminta informasi terkait keadaan / tindakan / kegiatan / kejadian yang dilakukan/terjadi di waktu lampau yang merujuk waktu terjadinya dan kesudahannya, sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya. (Perhatikan unsur kebahasaan simple past tense vs present perfect tense)
4.6	Menyusun teks interaksi transaksional, lisan dan tulis, pendek dan sederhana, yang melibatkan tindakan unsur dan meminta informasi terkait keadaan/tindakan/kegiatan/kejadian yang dilakukan/terjadi di waktu lampau yang merujuk waktu terjadinya dan kesudahannya, dengan memperhatikan fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan yang benar dan sesuai konteks.

---

An English Conversation

In his office, Jim is talking to Betty, his wife, on the telephone.

JIM:	And what are you doing now, Betty?
BETTY:	I'm having a rest.
JIM:	Hm, you're lucky. You're having a rest, while I'm sitting here in the office, working hard.
BETTY:	Working hard! You're talking to me on the phone - that isn't work! Now, I've been very busy - I've cleaned the house, and I've done a lot of shopping. I've sewn some buttons on your shirts -
JIM:	Wonderful!
BETTY:	- and I've made cake, and I've prepared some food. Now I'm tired, and so I'm having a rest.
JIM:	That's good.
BETTY:	Oh, Yati rang me this morning.
JIM:	Ah, how is she?
BETTY:	She's well. I've asked her to come and have dinner with us this evening.
JIM:	Oh, Betty, you've forgotten! We've promised to go and have dinner with Tom and Nancy Foster this evening.
BETTY:	This evening?
JIM:	Yes. Don't you remember? We arranged it last Sunday.
BETTY:	Oh, yes, that's right. Oh dear, what can we do?
JIM:	Never mind, darling. You must ring Yati, and explain to her. Perhaps she can come to dinner tomorrow evening.
BETTY:	Yes, I'll ring her. And Jim what -
JIM:	(someone interrupted him) Just a minute, please, Betty ... Oh, Betty, the mail has arrived, and I have to do some work on it now.
BETTY:	All right, darling. Goodbye now.
JIM:	Goodbye.
BETTY:	(A few moments later, Jim calls Betty again) Hello?
JIM:	Hello, Betty. Tom Foster has rung me to say that Nancy is sick, and they're very sorry, but they can't have us for dinner tonight.
BETTY:	Oh, poor Nancy. What's the matter with her?
JIM:	She's caught a very bad cold, and she has to stay in bed for a few days ... But listen, Betty, now we can invite Yati to dinner this evening after all.
BETTY:	Oh, but, Jim, I've rung Yati, and I've explained to her that we have to go out this evening, and now she's made some other arrangements for this evening.
JIM:	Oh dear!
BETTY:	But she's promised to come to dinner tomorrow evening.
JIM:	Good! So, this evening we can't go to the Foster's, and Yati can't come to us - so we'll have a cosy dinner, just by ourselves.

Bagaimana bentuk Present Perfect Tense?

Perhatikan kalimat atau frase yang dicetak tebal dalam dialog di atas. Kata kerja dalam kalimat-kalimat tersebut adalah contoh bentuk Present Perfect Tense dalam bahasa Inggris, yang tersusun oleh have/has + past participle (verb 3).

Bentuk Kata Kerja Present Perfect Tense

Affirmative (Positive)
I/We/You/They	have	past participle (verb 3).
He/She/It	has	past participle (verb 3).
Interrogative (Question)
Have	I/we/you/they	past participle (verb 3)?
Has	he/she/it	past participle (verb 3)?
Negative
I/We/You/They	have not (haven't)	past participle (verb 3).
He/She/It	has (hasn't)	past participle (verb 3).

Contoh kalimat Present Perfect tense dalam dialog di atas:

• I've been very busy.
• I've cleaned the house.
• I've done a lot of shopping.
• I've sewn some buttons on your shirts.
• I've made cake.
• I've prepared some food.
• I've asked her to come.
• You've forgotten!
• We've promised to go ....
• The mail has arrived.
• Tom Foster has rung me.
• She's/She has caught a very bad cold.
• I've rung Yati.
• I've explained to her.
• She's/She has made some other arrangements for this evening.
• She's/She has promised to come to dinner tomorrow evening.

Apa fungsi Present Perfect Tense?

Present Perfect tense digunakan untuk menyampaikan gagasan bahwa sesuatu telah (atau tidak pernah) terjadi sebelumnya, yaitu pada suatu waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Jika digunakan dengan 'for' atau 'since', present perfect tense memiliki arti bahwa suatu kejadian/kegiatan berlangsung hingga sekarang.
Contoh kalimat dalam bentuk Present Perfect tense menggunakan "for" atau "since":

• He has worked for two hours.
• They have worked since two hours ago.
• It has been my pet for 5 years.
• They have been here since yesterday.

Jika Present Perfect tense digunakan untuk menjelaskan suatu kejadian atau kegiatan di masa lampau, lalu apakah perbedaan Simple Past tense dengan Present Perfect tense?
Lengkapilah kalimat-kalimat berikut ini dengan cara mengubah kata kerja dalam kurung ke dalam bentuk Present Perfect dengan benar.

1. Nina ...(be)... angry with me since yesterday.
2. I ...(not read)... these magazines.
3. Her mother ...(sick)... for a week.
4. ... his family ...(live)... in this town since two years ago?
5. The students ...(have)... a flag ceremony for half an hour.
6. Michael and I ...(study)... this lesson since four days ago.
7. My brother ...(work)... on the experiment for two months.
8. ... the teacher ...(explain)... this chapter?
9. The boy ...(not eat)... since last night.
10. Miss Anita ...(not be)... here since yesterday.

eringkali, saat kita sedang membaca obrolan (chat), surat bisnis, email, atau pesan (message), kita menjumpai kata-kata aneh yang tidak pernah kita temui dalam bahasa Inggris maupun bahasa Indonesia, seperti ASAP, IDK, LOL, dan lain-lain. Itulah singkatan yang umum digunakan untuk menyingkat berbagai ungkapan bahasa Inggris dalam obrolan, surat-menyurat, atau pesan.

Apa saja singkatan dalam bahasa Inggris yang perlu kita ketahui dan sering digunakan untuk percakapan melalui pesan? Berikut ini Mister Guru bagikan beberapa singkatan yang seringkali digunakan dalam berkirim pesan.

Singkatan		Arti
AFAIK	As far as i know	setahu saya, sepengetahuan saya
AFK	away from keyboard	tidak di depan komputer
AKA	Also known as	alias
ASAP	As soon as possible	segera, secepatnya, secepat mungkin
B4N	Bye for now	Sampai di sini dulu
BBL	Be back later	segera kembali, sebentar lagi kembali
BRB	Be right back	segera kembali, sebentar lagi kembali
BTW	By the way	Omong-omong
CB	Coffee break	istirahat sebentar
CID	Crying in disgrace	menangis karena malu / terhina
CMIIW	Correct me if im wrong	koreksi jika aku salah
Cray Cray	So crazy	“Gila!”
CNP	Continued (in next post)	dilanjutkan pada postingan berikutnya
CRBT	Crying really big tears	menangis sejadi-jadinya
CU	See you	Sampai jumpa
CUL	See you later	Sampai jumpa lagi
DBATB	Dont beat around the bush	jangan berbelit-belit, jangan bertele-tele
DM	direct message	pesan langsung
DM	doesn’t matter	tidak masalah, tidak apa-apa
DIY	Do it yourself	kerjakan sendiri
IDK / Dunno	I dont know	(saya) tidak tahu
EG	Evil grin	seringai jahat
EMSG	Email message	pesan email
F2F	Face to face	tatap muka, bertemu langsung
FC	Finger Crossed	mendoakan (seseorang)
FTBOMH	From the bottom of my heart	dari lubuk hati terdalam
FWIW	For what’s it’s worth	bermanfaat atau tidak, penting atau tidak
FYI	For your information	sekedar informasi
Gimme	Give me	berikan saya
GR8	Great	Hebat! Keren!
GTSY	Glad to see you	senang bertemu denganmu
H & K	Hug and kiss	Peluk cium
HAGN	Have a good night	semoga mimpi indah
Hella	So/very/hell of	sangat
HHIS	Hanging head in shame	sangat malu
HUB	Head up button	pikiran mesum
IKR	I know, right?	Benar, kan?
IAE	In any event	pada suatu kesempatan
IC	I see	Ooh gitu ya
IMCO	In my considered opinion	menurut pendapat saya
IMHO	In my humble opinion	menurut saya
IOW	In the other words	dengan kata lain
IRL	In real life	pada kenyataannya
IWALU	I will always love you	aku akan selalu mencintaimu
JJ	Just joking	bercanda, hanya gurauan
JK	Just kidding	bercanda, hanya gurauan
JMO	Just my opinion	(sekedar) pendapat saya
JTLYK	Just to let you know	biar kamu tau
K	OK, OKAY	OK, baik
KIT	Keep in touch	jaga komunikasi, tetap kontak
LMK	Let me know	Beritahu saya
LOL	Laugh out loud	tertawa terbahak-bahak, ngakak
LMAO	Laughing my a$$ off	tertawa terbahak-bahak, ngakak
LTNS	Long time no see	lama tak bertemu
LY	Love you	cinta kamu
LY2	Love you too	cinta kamu juga
MYOS	Make your own sandwich	Kerjakan saja sendiri!
MTF	More to follow	selanjutnya
NADT	Not a damn thing	bukan apa-apa kok
NM	nothing much	gak ngapa-ngapain
NR	No reply	tidak ada jawaban
NRN	No reply needed	tidak butuh balasan
Nvm	Nevermind	tidak masalah, tidak apa-apa
OL	Old lady	Ibu/wanita tua
OM	Old Man	Bapak/pria tua
OOT	Out of topic	Keluar dari topik
OTTOMH	Off the top of my head	diluar kemampuan (pemikiran) saya
PM	private message
PLU	Price look-up unit	Kode barang (dalam transaksi online)
QT	cuttie
RGDS	Regards	Salam hormat
ROFL	Rolling on the floor laughing	terbahak-bahak
SOT	Short of time	waktu terbatas
SMH	Shaking my head	Geleng-geleng (kepala)
STFU	Shut the f*** up	Diam!
TA	Thanks again	Terima kasih sekali lagi
TBH	To be honest	Terus terang, sejujurnya
TLDR	too long, don’t read	Pesan yang panjang, tidak perlu dibaca
TCOY	Take care of yourself	jaga diri baik-baik
TGIF	Thank God it's Friday	Syukurlah, hari ini sudah Jumat
TOY	Thinking of you	Memikirkan dirimu
TTYL	Talk to you later	Kita bicarakan lagi nanti
VIP	Very important person	Orang penting
WB	Welcome back	Selamat datang kembali
WTF	What the f***	Astaga! Apa-apaan?
WTH	What the hell	Astaga! Apa-apaan?
WYD	What are you doing?	Sedang apa?
WYWD	what do you want to do?	Apa yang ingin kamu lakukan?
WFH	Work from home	Kerja di rumah
YG	Young gentlemen	Pria muda
YL	Young lady	Wanita muda

Jika sahabat Mister Guru ingin menambahkan singkatan baru atau yang belum tercantum dalam posting ini, silahkan menuliskannya di komentar. Semoga bermanfaat.

embedakan kapan kita harus menggunakan tanda kutip atau tanda petik (quotation marks) tunggal '...' atau ganda "..." dalam Bahasa Inggris seringkali terasa "ngeri-ngeri sedap", Guys :D. Terkadang keduanya memang dianggap tidak berbeda, tapi kadang juga cukup membingungkan. Misalnya, untuk mengutip kalimat langsung (direct speech), kita bisa menggunakan tanda kutip atau tanda petik tunggal (single quotation marks) '...' atau ganda (double quotation marks) "..." tanpa ada perbedaan sama sekali. Misal: "Good morning," she said. Atau 'Good morning,' she said.

Kecuali pada kalimat langsung seperti yang sudah disebutkan di atas, tanda kutip atau tanda petik tunggal dan ganda memiliki perbedaan yang sangat besar sehingga kesalahan penulisannya dapat menimbulkan kesalahan pemahaman. Bahkan, di negara-negara yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa ibu (native language) pun masih banyak terdapat kesalahan penggunaan tanda kutip atau tanda petik (lihat contoh-contoh kesalahan penggunaan tanda kutip atau tanda petik dalam foto-foto di bawah). Apalagi ada beberapa aturan berbeda yang diterapkan oleh beberapa institusi di dunia internasional dalam menggunakan tanda kutip atau tanda petik. Artikel ini diharapkan dapat memberi kita pengetahuan dan panduan dalam membedakan penggunaan tanda kutip atau tanda petik (quotation marks) tunggal '...' atau ganda "...".

Tanda Kutip atau Tanda Petik Tunggal (Single Quotation Marks) '...'

1. Seringkali digunakan dalam membicarakan suatu kata secara spesifik, atau kata yang memiliki makna yang tidak seperti biasanya. Biasanya dijumpai dalam pembahasan ilmu filsafat, teologi, dan linguistik. Contoh:
   
   1. English can be a 'bridge' between one country and its neighbor.
   2. The word 'disinterested' is sometimes used to mean 'uninterested'.
2. Digunakan dalam kutipan pada headline surat kabar.
3. Untuk mengutip kalimat langsung (direct speech) dalam kalimat langsung, atau kutipan di dalam kutipan, maka harus ada perbedaan antara kutipan pertama dengan kutipan kedua. Contoh:
   1. I asked him, "What will you say if she says 'I love you' to you?"
   2. I asked him, 'What will you say if she says "I love you" to you?'

Tanda Kutip atau Tanda Petik Ganda (Double Quotation Marks) "..."

1. Digunakan dalam mengutip judul karya-karya tulis pendek* seperti artikel majalah atau suatu episode pertunjukan TV. Contoh:
   1. The “Here Come the Suns” episode of Eureka was hilarious.
2. Digunakan dalam scare quotes/sneer quotes (kata yang memiliki makna tersirat yang berlawanan dengan makna kata yang sebenarnya). scare quotes/sneer quotes biasanya dipakai dalam dunia politik dan bisa menyiratkan ironi, sindiran, ejekan, gaya pengucapan secara tidak langsung (circumlocution), apophasis, atau insinuasi. Contoh (sindiran antara partai Liberal dengan partai Conservative di A.S.):
   1. Liberal: We've heard about these conservatives and their tax "relief".
   2. Conservative: The liberals have proposed yet another form of "common-sense" gun control.
3. Untuk mengutip kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai contoh dalam membahas suatu kata. Cara lain yang juga bisa diterima adalah dengan menggunakan cetak miring (italics), tergantung selera kita. Contoh:
   1. A sentence in future continuous tense is "We will be arriving on Monday morning".

Kesalahan Fatal Penggunaan Tanda Kutip atau Tanda Petik.

Kesalahan fatal dalam penulisan tanda kutip atau tanda petik adalah jika kita ingin memprioritaskan suatu kata dengan menggunakan tanda kutip. Gunakan cetak miring atau garis bawah untuk kata-kata yang memiliki makna penting dalam suatu pemberitahuan atau iklan. Contoh:

1. Teks yang salah "ATTENTION! This door must remain "closed"." bisa berarti bahwa "We can open this door".

Beberapa contoh yang saya ambil dari berbagai situs web tentang penggunaan tanda kutip atau tanda petik yang salah, yang bisa menjadikan kata bermakna berlawanan dari yang tertulis:

Make sure you eat it	Did you say brown "eggs"?
Don't wait	There's no dog, but be careful.
We may be in an airport.	Cars Not Parked at Owners Risk.
None is going to lock the door. So, remember the rule.

Gunakan garis bawah (underline) atau cetak miring (italics) untuk memprioritaskan suatu kata.

*Aturan tanda kutip untuk karya-karya seperti buku cukup memusingkan. The Associated Press menggunakan tanda kutip, tetapi the Chicago Manual of Style merekomendasikan cetak miring, dan the MLA Handbook pernah merekomendasikan garis-bawah, lalu menggantinya dengan cetak miring pada edisi 2009 mereka.

Referensi:
1. Swan, M. Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980, p. 510.
2. Fogarty, M. Single Quotation Marks Versus Double Quotation Marks, (https://grammar.quickanddirtytips.com/single-quotes-versus-double-quotes.aspx, accessed 08/21/2011)