Mister Guru

I. Struktur Past Perfect Tense

1. (+) I had been there. / I'd been there.
   (?) Had I been there?
   (-) I had not been there. / I hadn't been there
2. (+) He had worked hard. / He'd worked hard.
   (?) Had he worked hard?
   (-) He had not worked hard. / He hadn't worked hard.
3. (+) They had gone away. / They'd gone away.
   (?) Had they gone away?
   (-) They had not gone away. / They hadn't gone away.

1. Untuk kalimat tanya (interrogative / question), letakkan kata kerja bantu "had" di depan subyek. Contoh; "Had they gone?"
2. Untuk kalimat menyangkal (negative), tambahkan "not" di belakang kata kerja bantu "had". Contoh; "They hadn't gone?"
3. Dalam percakapan, had seringkali disingkat dengan cara yang sama seperti saat kita menyingkat kata would menjadi 'd. Perbedaannya ada pada kata kerja yang mengikutinya. Pada Past Perfect tense, 'd selalu diikuti oleh verb-3 (past participle), sedangkan kata "would" yang disingkat menjadi 'd selalu diikuti oleh verb-1 (infinitive). Contoh:
   • They'd gone = They had gone.
   • They'd go = They would go.
   • She'd sung = She had sung.
   • She'd sing = She would sing.

II. Penggunaan Past Perfect Tense

1. Past Perfect Tense digunakan untuk membicarakan kejadian/tindakan yang terjadi sebelum sebuah kejadian/tindakan lainnya terjadi di waktu lampau. Jadi, Past Perfect Tense menunjukkan kejadian/tindakan yang terjadi lebih dulu sebelum kejadian/tindakan lainnya. Contoh:
   • The train left at 7am. We arrived at 7.10am. When we arrived, the train had left. The train had left when we arrived.
   • The fact that he came late wasn't surprising to me. It had happened a few times before.
2. Past Perfect Tense digunakan sebagai bentuk yang setara dengan Present Perfect tense, misal dalam kalimat tidak langsung (Indirect / Reported speech). Contoh:
   • He said, "I have submitted the report." ~ He said that he had submitted the report.
   • She said, "I've lost my wallet." ~ She said that she had lost his wallet.
3. Past Perfect Tense digunakan dalam kalimat Conditional (If - conditional) tipe ke 3. Kalimat conditional tipe ke 3 ini digunakan untuk mengungkapkan pengandaian tentang kejadian / keadaan di masa lampau yang tidak sesuai dengan fakta yang sebenarnya. Contoh:
   • If you had arrived ten minutes earlier, you wouldn't have missed the train. (Fakta: you didn't arrive ten minutes earlier and you missed the train)
   • He would have been soaking wet if he hadn't worn a raincoat. (Fakta: He wasn't wet because he wore a raincoat.)
4. Sama halnya dengan when pada penggunaan pertama (no. 1) di atas, Past Perfect Tense bisa digunakan bersama Simple Past tense as soon as, the moment, immediately, till/until, before, after untuk menegaskan atau memperjelas bahwa kegiatan atau peristiwa yang dimaksud terjadi atau selesai dilakukan sebelum kegiatan lainnya di masa lampau. Contoh:
   • When he had shut the window, he turned on the AC.
   • Before we had reached the basecamp, the rain poured down.
   Pelajari lebih jauh DI SINI.

1. They were very tired. They (work) hard all day.
2. I didn't know her. I (never met) her before.
3. When the accident happened, I (finish) working at my garden.
4. They found out that some burglars (break) into their house.
5. When the cops arrived, the thieves (run) away.
6. Sue did not go to work that day. She (be) sick for a week.
7. We (not leave) the meeting room.
8. you (arrive)?
9. they (had) dinner?
10. Some of the students (not do) the assignment.

1. Jim (wait) for an hour when the bus (show) up.
2. The classroom (look) clean. The students (clean) them when we (get) there.
3. We (try) to chase the car after it (hit) the motorist.
4. As soon as they (left) the building, it finally (collapse).
5. I (hear) about his resignation before you (tell) me.
6. Before I (become) a teacher in 2015, I (work) as an Assistant Manager for 6 years.
7. The burglars (escape) before the cops (arrive) at the scene.
8. If she (read) the announcement, she would have known about the change of schedule.
9. Diane (tell) me that she (send) the goods on the previous day.
10. The engine (break) after the race (start) for 10 minutes.

A. TELLING SURPRISING NEWS

• Guess what!
• Surprise!
• I’ve got news for you!
• Do you know what!
• Are you sitting down?
• You’d better sit down!
• You won’t believe this, but...

B. EXPRESSING AMAZEMENT / ADMIRATION

C. EXPRESSING SURPRISE

• I’m really surprised at ....
• Oh no! It can’t be (true)!
• My goodness!
• What a surprise!
• What on earth is that thing?
• I was shocked by ....
• It’s too good to be true!
• It’s unbelievable!
• I can’t believe it!
• Incredible!
• It’s really beyond belief!

I. Match each incomplete sentence into the correct word, "How" or "What".

II. Arrange these jumbled sentences

1. experience – what – had – unforgettable – an – we
2. was – fascinating – sunset – how – the
3. actress – a – beautiful – what – is – she
4. a – family – our – dinner – had – what – fantastic
5. the – next – how – girl – is – adorable – door
6. succeed – she – how – to – hard – tried
7. perfect – by – what – Ronaldo – ball – a – long
8. the – astonishing – was – sight – how
9. hall – a – conference – large – what – is – it
10. for – what – the – team – a – new – year – successful

III. Complete the following dialogues using your own words.

Dialogue 1

Dialogue 2

Dialogue 3

Participle itu sendiri sebenarnya adalah turunan dari kata kerja (verb). Ada 2 (dua) jenis participle, yaitu;

1. Present participle, yang dikenal sebagai kata kerja (verb) berakhiran -ing, contoh; interesting, drawing, amazing, shocking, dsb.
2. Past participle, atau dikenal sebagai kata kerja ke-3 (verb 3), contoh; interested, drawn, amazed, shocked, dsb.

A. Perbedaan antara Present Participle dengan Past Participle

Sebagai kata sifat, kedua jenis participle ini memberikan makna yang berbeda terhadap kata benda yang dibicarakan. Lihat contoh kalimat yang menggunakan participle di bawah ini:

B. Daftar Participial Adjective

A. Horse Race Game

B. Sentence Completion Exercise

1. The ... announcement has raised questions among the students. (confuse)
2. The ... students did not know what uniform to wear on the following day. (confuse)
3. The ... film caused me to fall asleep. (bore)
4. The ... audience fell asleep during the speech. (bore)
5. The ... brochure provides tourists with the information they need. (enclose)
6. The team were ... when they heard about the approval. (excite).
7. I was very ... to see what was happening at that time. (shock)
8. This is one of the most ... books I’ve ever read. (interest)
9. The children soon fell asleep after the ... journey. (tire)
10. Our vacation was ruined by the ... experience. (frighten)
11. Aceh was completely destroyed by a ... tsunami on December 26, 2004. (devastate)
12. The process of repairing ... buildings and streets took years to complete. (damage)
13. The snake is still a ... sight for most women. (terrify)
14. The ... workers sat down to rest under the shade of a tree. (exhaust)
15. His experiences in Jakarta were rather .... (depress)
16. The woman was trying to comfort the ... child when a policeman came. (cry)
17. Lapindo tragedy clearly wiped out many ... business opportunities in the area. (promise)
18. To anticipate the ... volume of air passengers in the holiday season, the airline has added more than 40,000 seats to 14 routes. (increase)
19. The new ... system is equipped with an advanced protection system. (operate)
20. A month after the theft, the ... jewelry was recovered. (steal)

To learn more about both tenses separately, read "Simple Past Tense: Bentuk, Penggunaan, dan Latihan Soal" and "Present Perfect Tense: Bentuk, Penggunaan, dan Latihan Soal".

A. Use the words in brackets to answer the questions.

1. Man: "Have you seen Bob?"
   Woman: "Yes, ...(a few minutes ago)...."
2. Woman: "Have you started your new job?"
   Man: "Yes, ...(last week)...."
3. Man: "Have you had lunch?"
   Woman: "Yes, ...(an hour ago)...."
4. Man: "Have you submitted the report?"
   Woman: "...(yesterday)...."
5. Man: "Have they contacted you?"
   Woman: "...(on Monday)...."

B. Right or wrong? Correct the underlined verbs if they are wrong.

• I've lost my key. I can't find it.
  Answer: RIGHT
• Have you seen Bob yesterday?
  Answer: WRONG: Did you see Bob yesterday?

1. I've finished my work at 2 o'clock.
2. I'm ready now. I've finished my work at 2 o'clock.
3. What time have you finished your work?
4. Sue isn't here. She's gone out.
5. Jim's grandfather has died in 2009.
6. Where have you been last night?
7. I have started my carreer as a teacher in 2002.
8. I have worked as a teacher for more than 20 years.
9. Laila left a few minutes ago.
10. The letter hasn't arrived yesterday.

C. Put the verbs in the simple past or present perfect.

• I ...(lose)... my key. I can't find it.
  Answer: I've lost my key. I can't find it.
• We ...(not have)... a holiday last year.
  Answer: We didn't have a holiday last year.

1. My friend is a writer. He ...(write)... many books.
2. I ...(play)... tennis yesterday afternoon.
3. What time ...(you/go)... to bed last night?
4. ...(you/ever/meet)... a famous person?
5. The weather ...(not/be)... very good yesterday.
6. My hair is wet. I ...(just wash)... it.
7. I ...(wash)... my hair before breakfast this morning.
8. Kathy travels a lot. She ...(visit)... many countries.
9. Sonia isn't here. She ...(not/come)... yet.
10. We ...(live)... in Malang for two years but now we live in Jember.
11. Man: "Have you ever been to Bali?"
    Woman: "Yes, we ...(go)... there on holiday last year.
12. Man: "Where's Tika?"
    Woman: "I don't know. I ...(not see)... her.
13. Lia works in an office. She ...(work)... there for almost two years.
14. I ...(meet)... your sister at a party last week. She's very nice.
15. I ...(wait)... here since seven o'clock and she ...(not come)... yet.
16. I ...(look)... at this picture for five minutes, but I can't see you in it.
17. COVID-19 outbreak ...(start)... in early 2020.
18. Since then, the government ...(take)... various measures to stop the spread of the virus.
19. The World Health Organization ...(declare)... COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020.
20. ...(you/see)... a good movie lately?

A. Fill in the blanks with "some" or "any".

1. I bought ... cheese but I didn't buy ... bread.
2. I am going to the shop. We need ... sugar.
3. There aren't ... shops in this part of town.
4. Rio and Hannah haven't got ... children.
5. Have you got ... brothers or sisters?
6. There are ... beautiful flowers in the garden.
7. Do you know ... good hotels in Malang?
8. Would you like ... tea? I've just made ....
9. When we were on holiday, we visited ... very interesting places.
10. Don't buy ... rice. We don't need ....
11. I went out to buy ... milk but they didn't have ... in the shop.
12. I'm thirsty. Can I have ... water, please?
13. Can you give ... information about places of interests in the town?
14. I was too tired to do ... work.
15. Man: "Have you seen ... good films recently?"
    Woman: "No, I haven't been to the cinema for ages."

B. Complete the sentences with "some" or "any" + one of these words.

1. I want to wash my hair. Is there ...?
2. We have received ... from buyers complaining about the product.
3. I haven't got my camera, so I can't take ....
4. Do you speak ... foreign ...?
5. Yesterday evening I went to a restaurant with ... of mine.
6. Can I have ... in my coffee, please?
7. The flashlight isn't working. There aren't ... in it.
8. It's hot in this office. I'm going out for ... fresh ....
9. Man: "Would you like ...?"
   Woman: "No, thank you. I've had enough to eat."
10. I can do this job alone. I don't need ....

C. Complete the sentences. Use "some" or "any" and the correct form of the verb in the brackets. Number 1 and 2 has been done as an example.

1. Ann didn't take any photographs but I took some. (I/take)
2. Man: "Where's your luggage?"
   Woman: "Oh, I haven't got any/I don't have any." (I/not/have)
3. Woman: "This coffee is too bitter for me. Can I have some sugar?"
   Man: "Yes, ... in the kitchen. (we/have)
4. Man: "Do you need any money?"
   Woman: "No, thank you. .... (I/have)
5. Man: "Can you lend me some money?"
   Woman: "I'm sorry but .... (I/not/have)
6. The tomatoes in the shop didn't look very good so ....(I/not/buy)
7. There were some nice oranges in the shop so .... (I/buy)

A. Example Dialogue

B. Explanation

1. "Some" is used in positive sentences. Examples:
   I'm going to buy some books.
   There's some ice in the fridge.
   We did some exercises.
2. "Any" is used in negative sentences. Examples:
   I'm not going to buy any books.
   There isn't any ice in the fridge.
   We didn't do any exercises.
3. Most questions (but not all) use "any". Examples:
   Is there any ice in the fridge?
   Do you have any money?
   Why didn't you do any exercises?
4. When we make offers or requests, we normally use "some", not "any". Examples:
   Would you like some ice cream?
   Can I have some coffee, please?
   Can you lend me some money?
5. We can use "some" and "any" without a noun. Examples:
   I didn't take any photographs, but Ann took some. (=some photographs)
   I've just made some coffee. Would you like some? (=some coffee)
   We don't have any sugar. I'm going to buy some this afternoon. (=some sugar)

In this post, we are going to focus and take a closer look at Conditional sentence type 0 and type 1.

Conditional sentence type 0

Structure:

Usage / function:

• Conditional sentences in "If / when ...(Simple Present)..., ...(Simple Present)..." can be used to express general truths / facts. (see examples a and b below)
• Conditional sentences in "If / when ...(Simple Present)..., ...(Imperative)...." can be used to express suggestions, instructions, or commands. (see examples c and d below)

Examples

1. If the moon passes between the sun and Earth, a solar eclipse happens.
2. If we heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.
3. If you arrive at the station, call me.
4. If you want to turn on the device, press this button.

Conditional sentence type 1

Structure:

Usage / function:

• reminders (see examples a and b below)
• suggestions (see examples c and d below)

Examples

1. If you eat too much, you will get a stomachache.
2. If you don't shut that window, we will die of cold.
3. If we want to see the sunrise, we will have to leave very early.
4. If you want to buy that car, you should provide a bigger garage.

A. Match the sentences on the left with the ones on the right. Number 1 has been done for you as an example.

1. If you need help, consult your advisor.
2. ....
3. ....
4. ....
5. ....
6. ....

B. Write correct conditional sentences by putting the verbs in the bracket into the correct form. In some sentences, conditional sentence type 0 and 1 can be used interchangeably. Number 1 has been done as an example.

1. If I get a ticket, I (go) to the concert.
   Answer: If I get a ticket, I will go to the concert.
2. If we have time, we (visit) you.
   Answer: ....
3. If you don't watch the TV, (turn) it off.
   Answer: ....
4. If the weather is fine, we (go) to the beach.
   Answer: ....
5. If you want those pictures, I (send) you the copies.
   Answer: ....
6. If you don't feel well, (stay) at home.
   Answer: ....

C. Complete the following conditional sentences using your own ideas and words.

1. If you pass the exam, ....
2. If I finish my study, ....
3. If you want to have it, ....
4. If you have a question, ....
5. If the weather is fine this afternoon, ....

D. Do the matching exercise below by dragging each clause to the correct pair.

Akan tetapi, tahukah kalian bahwa kata "agree" bisa memiliki beragam makna, tergantung pada kata yang mengikutinya? Perbedaan makna tersebut bisa dilihat dari obyek atau jenis kata yang mengikutinya.

Selengkapnya, mari kita pelajari makna kata "agree" beserta contoh kalimat penggunaannya di bawah ini. Parhatikan bagian kalimat yang bergaris bawah.

1. Agree on / about
   "Agree on / about" berarti sependapat atau memiliki pendapat yang sama tentang sesuatu.
   Contoh:
   • All members of the committee agreed on/about the plan to merge the two sections.
   • They agree on the issue that the company should pay more attention to the ecosystem.
   • She agreed on some points of the debate.
   • The committee agreed on the results of the discussion.
   • They finally agreed about the establishment of a new regulation.
2. Agree with
   "Agree with" berarti memiliki pendapat yang sama dengan orang lain, setuju terhadap sesuatu, atau suatu fakta sesuai dengan fakta lainnya.
   • She didn't agree with my opinion.
   • I agree with you that human rights must be respected by anyone.
   • The field evaluation showed that their statements didn't agree with the facts.
   • Basically, people agree with the approach that the government adopted.
   • We found out that the survey result agreed with the goverment's data.
3. Agree to
   "Agree to" berarti menerima atau menyetujui suatu permintaan / persyaratan (demand, requirement, recommendation) atau memiliki komitmen untuk melakukan suatu tindakan (to do an action).
   • The bank agreed to provide funding for small and medium enterprises.
   • The committee agreed to implement a new approach to address the environmental issues.
   • The principal agreed to the recommendation given by the school committee.
   • She agreed to the auditor's demands.

Lengkapilah kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini dengan "on", "about", "with", atau "to".

1. They agreed ... his demands.
2. She agreed ... see me after school.
3. Some members didn't agree ... the manager's decision.
4. The organisation has agreed ... the recommendations given by the local government.
5. Parents mostly agree ... the school's plan to adopt the new system.
6. In English, the subject of a sentence must agree ... the verbs.
7. I'm sorry, spicy hot food never agrees ... my stomach.
8. After the meeting, the board of directors agreed ... implement new marketing strategies.
9. After the meeting, the board of directors agreed ... the implementation of new marketing strategies.
10. We couldn't agree ... some points of the new regulation.

Berikut ini beberapa macam kesalahan yang sangat sering dilakukan siswa dalam mempraktekkan materi "Asking And Giving Opinions".

1. Menggunakan frase "according to me" atau "according to my opinion" untuk mengungkapkan pendapat pribadi.
   

   Dalam bahasa Indonesia, frase "menurut saya" dan "menurut pendapat saya" adalah ungkapan yang umum digunakan untuk mengutarakan pendapat. Akan tetapi, jika frase tersebut diterjemahkan secara serampangan tanpa memperhatikan kaidah penggunaan kata dalam bahasa Inggris, terjemahan yang didapat seringkali adalah "according to me", atau "according to my opinion".

   Padahal penggunaan "according to me" untuk mengutarakan pendapat pribadi adalah kurang tepat, karena penggunaan "according to ..." yang benar adalah untuk mengutip pendapat, kondisi, atau pernyataan orang lain, atau mengutip suatu peraturan tertentu, dan bukan pendapat pribadi orang yang berbicara. Contoh-contoh kalimat dengan penggunaan "according to me" yang benar adalah:

   • According to the travel agency, the bus will arrive at the destination on 8 P.M. this evening.
     As stated by the travel agency, the bus will arrive at the destination on 8 P.M. this evening.
   • According to the new regulation, legal requirements will be required for exports of wood products.
     In conformity with the new regulations, legal requirements will be required for exports of wood products.
   • Everyone worked hard according to their ability.
     Everyone worked hard depending on their ability.

   Untuk mengutarakan pendapat, terjemahan bahasa Inggris yang tepat untuk frase "menurut saya" atau "menurut pendapat saya" adalah in my opinion, in my point of view, as for me. (Lihat materi "Asking And Giving Opinions").

2. Menggunakan kalimat "I am agree", atau "I am not agree" untuk mengungkapkan setuju atau tidak setuju.
   

   Agree adalah termasuk kata kerja yang berkaitan dengan aktifitas mental dan harus menggunakan bentuk simple, bukan bentuk continuous. Penggunaannya tidak membutuhkan auxiliary verb "be" atau "to be", seperti "am", "is", atau "are". Jadi cukup kata kerja "agree" dalam bentuk simple saja. (Lihat materi Simple Present Tense: Bentuk, Penggunaan, & Latihan Soal)

   Karena itu, kalimat yang tepat seharusnya adalah, "I agree" untuk mengungkapan kesetujuan, atau "I don't agree" untuk mengungkapkan ketidaksetujuan terhadap suatu pendapat.

3. Menggunakan kalimat "I am believe", atau "I am not believe" untuk mengungkapkan keyakinan atau ketidakyakinan terhadap suatu pendapat.
   

   Sama dengan penjelasan nomer 2, believe adalah termasuk kata kerja yang berkaitan dengan aktifitas mental dan tidak membutuhkan auxiliary verb "be" atau "to be".

   Karena itu, kalimat yang tepat seharusnya adalah, "I believe" untuk mengungkapan keyakinan, atau "I don't believe" untuk mengungkapkan ketidakyakinan.

4. Menggunakan kalimat "Are you agree?", "Are you believe that ...?", atau "What are you thinking about ...?" untuk menanyakan pendapat.
   

   Masih sama dengan penjelasan nomer 2, agree, believe, dan think jika bermakna memiliki pendapat tidak membutuhkan auxiliary verb "be" atau "to be", seperti "am", "is", atau "are". Jadi cukup kata kerja dalam bentuk simple.

   Karena itu, kalimat yang tepat untuk menanyakan pendapat seharusnya adalah, "Do you agree", "Do you believe", dan "What do you think about ...?".

   Di sini, penggunaan kata kerja "think" berarti "berpendapat", bukan "sedang memikirkan". Jika "think" bermakna "sedang memikirkan", maka penggunaan kalimat "What are you thinking about?" sudah tepat, yang berarti "Apa yang sedang kamu pikirkan?

5. Menggunakan kalimat "I couldn't agree more" atau "I can't agree more" untuk menyatakan tidak setuju.
   

   Makna yang tepat dari kalimat "I couldn't agree more" atau "I can't agree more" adalah "saya (sangat) setuju". Jelas bahwa penggunaannya adalah untuk mengungkapkan kesetujuan terhadap suatu pendapat, bukan ketidaksetujuan.

   
6. Menggunakan kalimat "I agree to you" untuk menyatakan setuju terhadap pendapat seseorang.
   Makna yang sebenarnya dari frase "agree to" adalah "memberikan persetujuan terhadap sesuatu" atau "setuju untuk melakukan sesuatu". Contoh:
   • The principal has agreed to our proposed plans.
   • He agreed to consult his doctor for the symptoms.
   Jika maksudnya adalah untuk mengungkapkan kesetujuan terhadap pendapat seseorang, maka frase yang lebih tepat digunakan adalah "agree with". Jadi kalimat yang benar seharusnya "I agree with you".