Mister Guru

Talking about Plans and Predictions

Asking About Plans	Hiding Plans
What is your plan? What are you going to do ...? What do you intend to do ...? What are you planning to do ...?	I’ve got a particular plan. I can’t tell you now. You’ll see (later). Let’s wait and see.
Stating Plans	Predicting
My plan is .... I’m going to .... I intend to .... I’m planning to ....	Do you think ... will ...? ...will ..., I expect. You will .... It’s going to ....

Note:

The Difference between "WILL" and "BE GOING TO".

• “Will” is often used to express an unplanned and spontaneous decision.
• “Will” is usually used to indicate a future event or action with little certainty.
• “Be going to” is used to express something that is planned in the future.
• “Be going to” is also used to express something that is going to happen in the near future, or it is almost certain to happen.

See also Contrasting Future Forms: "Be Going To" VS "Will" and Perbedaan Penggunaan Bentuk WILL dengan BE GOING TO

Dialogue: Discussing Plans

Two friends are talking about their plans for the weekend.

Lina: What are you going to do this weekend, Yeni?
Yeni: I’ve got a particular plan.
Lina: What is it?
Yeni: Sorry, I can’t tell you now. You’ll see.
Lina: C’mon. What are you planning to do this weekend?
Yeni: Let’s wait and see, I told you. What about you? What’s your plan?
Lina: I think I will watch ‘Rumah Angker’. You know, that horror film.
Yeni: Well, I would watch another movie if I were you.
Lina: Really? But I like horror movies. They’re thrilling.
Yeni: Thrilling? It’s just not worth-seeing.
Lina: Why do you say so?
Yeni: I just don’t see the point of drowning ourselves in the movies about mystics and superstition when we are supposed to be more logical in this era of internet and technology.
Lina: Hey, do you think all movies should be logical? Besides, horror movies are becoming more and more popular each day.
Yeni: That's it. When a movie becomes a hit, a dozen movies with the same genre will follow. Movie producers will keep stuffing viewers with similar movies because they think people like them.
Lina: When a movie becomes popular, it means people like it. What’s wrong with that?
Yeni: Well, film makers will follow the trend. They will tend to make similar movies, very often without paying attention to quality. It will be full of ‘a flash in the pan’.
Lina: What did you say? ‘Something’ in the pan?
Yeni: A flash in the pan, something which enjoys popularity for a short time.
Lina: That’s new for me. Now, you haven't told me about your plan. What do you intend to do this weekend?
Yeni: Make a guess.
Lina: You will go swimming, I expect. You like swimming, right?
Yeni: Not this weekend. Maybe next.
Lina: You will go out of town, I suppose.
Yeni: No. This weekend is my dad's birthday, and we’re planning to give him a surprise party.
Lina: A surprise party? It must be fun.
Yeni: Certainly. I am looking forward to it.

Answer these questions.

1. What is the topic of the conversation?
2. What is the most probable relationship between the speakers?
3. What is Lina's plan for the weekend? And what is Yeni's?
4. What does Yeni think about Lina's plan?
5. Rewrite the sentences that indicate the speakers' plan.
6. Rewrite the sentences that indicate the speakers' prediction or guess.

Also read:^{BSE SMK 052111 0427 PM 8868}

	KOMPETENSI DASAR
3.6	Menganalisis fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan teks interaksi transaksional lisan dan tulis yang melibatkan tindakan memberi dan meminta informasi terkait keadaan / tindakan / kegiatan / kejadian yang dilakukan/terjadi di waktu lampau yang merujuk waktu terjadinya dan kesudahannya, sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya. (Perhatikan unsur kebahasaan simple past tense vs present perfect tense)
4.6	Menyusun teks interaksi transaksional, lisan dan tulis, pendek dan sederhana, yang melibatkan tindakan unsur dan meminta informasi terkait keadaan/tindakan/kegiatan/kejadian yang dilakukan/terjadi di waktu lampau yang merujuk waktu terjadinya dan kesudahannya, dengan memperhatikan fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan yang benar dan sesuai konteks.

---

An English Conversation

In his office, Jim is talking to Betty, his wife, on the telephone.

JIM:	And what are you doing now, Betty?
BETTY:	I'm having a rest.
JIM:	Hm, you're lucky. You're having a rest, while I'm sitting here in the office, working hard.
BETTY:	Working hard! You're talking to me on the phone - that isn't work! Now, I've been very busy - I've cleaned the house, and I've done a lot of shopping. I've sewn some buttons on your shirts -
JIM:	Wonderful!
BETTY:	- and I've made cake, and I've prepared some food. Now I'm tired, and so I'm having a rest.
JIM:	That's good.
BETTY:	Oh, Yati rang me this morning.
JIM:	Ah, how is she?
BETTY:	She's well. I've asked her to come and have dinner with us this evening.
JIM:	Oh, Betty, you've forgotten! We've promised to go and have dinner with Tom and Nancy Foster this evening.
BETTY:	This evening?
JIM:	Yes. Don't you remember? We arranged it last Sunday.
BETTY:	Oh, yes, that's right. Oh dear, what can we do?
JIM:	Never mind, darling. You must ring Yati, and explain to her. Perhaps she can come to dinner tomorrow evening.
BETTY:	Yes, I'll ring her. And Jim what -
JIM:	(someone interrupted him) Just a minute, please, Betty ... Oh, Betty, the mail has arrived, and I have to do some work on it now.
BETTY:	All right, darling. Goodbye now.
JIM:	Goodbye.
BETTY:	(A few moments later, Jim calls Betty again) Hello?
JIM:	Hello, Betty. Tom Foster has rung me to say that Nancy is sick, and they're very sorry, but they can't have us for dinner tonight.
BETTY:	Oh, poor Nancy. What's the matter with her?
JIM:	She's caught a very bad cold, and she has to stay in bed for a few days ... But listen, Betty, now we can invite Yati to dinner this evening after all.
BETTY:	Oh, but, Jim, I've rung Yati, and I've explained to her that we have to go out this evening, and now she's made some other arrangements for this evening.
JIM:	Oh dear!
BETTY:	But she's promised to come to dinner tomorrow evening.
JIM:	Good! So, this evening we can't go to the Foster's, and Yati can't come to us - so we'll have a cosy dinner, just by ourselves.

Bagaimana bentuk Present Perfect Tense?

Perhatikan kalimat atau frase yang dicetak tebal dalam dialog di atas. Kata kerja dalam kalimat-kalimat tersebut adalah contoh bentuk Present Perfect Tense dalam bahasa Inggris, yang tersusun oleh have/has + past participle (verb 3).

Bentuk Kata Kerja Present Perfect Tense

Affirmative (Positive)
I/We/You/They	have	past participle (verb 3).
He/She/It	has	past participle (verb 3).
Interrogative (Question)
Have	I/we/you/they	past participle (verb 3)?
Has	he/she/it	past participle (verb 3)?
Negative
I/We/You/They	have not (haven't)	past participle (verb 3).
He/She/It	has (hasn't)	past participle (verb 3).

Contoh kalimat Present Perfect tense dalam dialog di atas:

• I've been very busy.
• I've cleaned the house.
• I've done a lot of shopping.
• I've sewn some buttons on your shirts.
• I've made cake.
• I've prepared some food.
• I've asked her to come.
• You've forgotten!
• We've promised to go ....
• The mail has arrived.
• Tom Foster has rung me.
• She's/She has caught a very bad cold.
• I've rung Yati.
• I've explained to her.
• She's/She has made some other arrangements for this evening.
• She's/She has promised to come to dinner tomorrow evening.

Apa fungsi Present Perfect Tense?

Present Perfect tense digunakan untuk menyampaikan gagasan bahwa sesuatu telah (atau tidak pernah) terjadi sebelumnya, yaitu pada suatu waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Jika digunakan dengan 'for' atau 'since', present perfect tense memiliki arti bahwa suatu kejadian/kegiatan berlangsung hingga sekarang.
Contoh kalimat dalam bentuk Present Perfect tense menggunakan "for" atau "since":

• He has worked for two hours.
• They have worked since two hours ago.
• It has been my pet for 5 years.
• They have been here since yesterday.

Jika Present Perfect tense digunakan untuk menjelaskan suatu kejadian atau kegiatan di masa lampau, lalu apakah perbedaan Simple Past tense dengan Present Perfect tense?
Lengkapilah kalimat-kalimat berikut ini dengan cara mengubah kata kerja dalam kurung ke dalam bentuk Present Perfect dengan benar.

1. Nina ...(be)... angry with me since yesterday.
2. I ...(not read)... these magazines.
3. Her mother ...(sick)... for a week.
4. ... his family ...(live)... in this town since two years ago?
5. The students ...(have)... a flag ceremony for half an hour.
6. Michael and I ...(study)... this lesson since four days ago.
7. My brother ...(work)... on the experiment for two months.
8. ... the teacher ...(explain)... this chapter?
9. The boy ...(not eat)... since last night.
10. Miss Anita ...(not be)... here since yesterday.

An English conversation

Jim is sitting in a coffee lounge when Margaret comes in and sees him. Here is their conversation.

Margaret:	Oh, hello, Jim! You’ve finished your coffee! Have you been here long?
Jim:	I’ve been here since soon after ten o’clock, Margaret. I decided to sit here for a while, because I felt a little tired.
Margaret:	Well, you’ve been feeling tired for a long time. It’s nearly eleven o’clock! What have you been doing since you finished your coffee? Weren’t you bored?
Jim:	No, Margaret. I wasn’t bored. I’ve been sitting here thinking.
Margaret:	Well, well .... And you’d been doing that for more than half an hour when I came in? What were you thinking about?
Jim:	Oh, various things. For the last few minutes I’ve been wondering what Carol will be doing at this time next year.
Margaret:	She’ll probably be having a meal in some foreign restaurant. Or perhaps she’ll be writing a long email to one of her friends in Australia describing all her adventures.
Jim:	Yes, she’ll probably be having all sorts of adventures!
Margaret:	My word! I can just imagine her trying to explain something in Paris, waving her arms and speaking in a mixture of Spanish, English, and bad French!
Jim:	Yes, she’ll soon regret trying to learn Spanish instead of French ... I suppose you’ll be receiving amusing emails from her all the time she’s away?
Margaret:	I suppose I shall ... You know, I’m not so sure what I’ll be doing this time next year. Perhaps, I’ll be repeating the year! If I don’t start studying hard soon, I’ll certainly fail at the end of this year.
Jim:	Well, Margaret, I hate sounding like your Aunt Mabel, but – “take my advice and start studying immediately!” Because, unless you do, you probably won’t be working as a journalist in a few years’ time. And you’re very keen on that, aren’t you?”
Margaret:	I suppose you’re right, Jim. Yes, I suppose I’ll be studying hard all the rest of this year. I must say I don’t feel like it!
Jim:	Ah yes, but just think what you’ll be doing in three or four years’ time! When you’re a journalist, you’ll be traveling everywhere and seeing all sorts of interesting things. You’ll be meeting all sorts of interesting people.
Margaret:	You’ve said enough, Jim! From now on I’m going to study harder than anyone else!

The form of Future Continuous Tense (shall/will be verb-ing)

We form this tense using the future simple of to be + the present participle (Verb-ing). In the first person (I/we), will is more usual than shall, except in the interrogative.

Affirmative	I/we will/shall be working he/she/it/you/they mill be working
Negative	I/we will/shall not be working he/she/it/you/they will not be working Contractions: I/we won't/shan't be working he/she/it/you/they won't be working
Interrogative	shall/will I/we be working? will he/she/it/you/they be working?
Negative interrogative:	will we not/won't we be working? will he not/won't he be working?

Examples of Future Continuous tense:

• At 3 o’clock, Salim will be working in the garden.
• I’ll be working hard in the office all next week.
• At this time tomorrow, I’ll be watching a soccer match.
• Amat will be doing his homework all this evening.
• You won’t be working all day tomorrow, will you?
• What will you be doing in three weeks’ time?

The Use of Future Continuous tense

1. The future continuous tense is often used as an ordinary continuous tense, which indicates or predicts an action that will be happening at a certain time in the future. It is normally used with an adverb of time, and expresses an action or event which starts before that time and probably continues after it. Read the example below.
   

   "It is 10.00 a.m. now. The students are sitting in their classroom. They are studying. At 11.30, they will be having a break. At 2.00 pm, they will be sitting in their classroom again. Tomorrow is Saturday and there will be no class. This time tomorrow they will not be sitting in the classroom. They will be doing other things. Tito will be playing tennis. Erna will be shopping. Wisnu will be helping his parents in their shop."

2. The future continuous is used to express predictions and unintentional future/future without intention. It tells us about events at a future time, whether they are intentional or not. Read the example below:

   The students will be sitting in their classroom at this time tomorrow.
   (This does not imply that the students wish or have planned to sit in their classroom. It merely states that the action will happen as a routine or ordinary course of events.)

   The future continuous tense used in this way differs from the present continuous used for future arrangements.
   • The present continuous tense implies a definite and deliberate future action.
     I am meeting a new client tomorrow.
     (The first implies that the new client and/or the speaker has deliberately arranged the meeting.)
   • The future continuous tense usually implies or predicts an action which will occur in the normal course of events. It is therefore more casual than the present continuous.
     I'll be meeting a new client tomorrow.
     (It implies that the new client and the speaker will meet in the ordinary course of events.)
   However, with a definite time and for the near future, the difference is not very important and very often either tense can be used.
   • He'll be leaving tomorrow, or
     He is leaving tomorrow.
   • He won't be coming to the party, or
     He isn't coming to the party.
   With indefinite time or the remote future, the future continuous should be used.
   I'll be moving to another apartment (next month/next year/some time).
3. In second-person question-forms, the Future Continuous is used to make a polite question. It concerns future activities rather than future intentions. Pay attention to the examples below:
   1. Are you going to call them soon? (Direct question about intentions)
      Will you be calling them soon? (Pure question about future activities, by-passing the intentions themselves)
   2. Will you meet Anton? (Request)
      Will you be meeting Anton? (Pure question about future activities)

A. Change the verbs in brackets into the Future Continuous tense.

1. When you arrive they (still prepare) the meal.
2. She (see) him in a few minutes.
3. The leaves (fall) soon.
4. She says she (do) the washing tomorrow.
5. We (have) crab for supper.
6. You (go) to Surabaya again this week?
7. We (not have) dinner in thirty minutes.
8. You (learn) more about this tense after you do the exercise.
9. Hurry up! The train (leave) in a minute.
10. You are so absent-minded you (forget) your head next.

B. Change the verbs into the Future Continuous. Notice the change of meaning in some sentences.

1. I'll write to you later.
2. He's coming home soon.
3. He is lecturing on the seventeenth-century poets next.
4. I shall see her tomorrow afternoon.
5. Are you going to use this spoon?
6. Will you come to the party?
7. When are you going to have the house painted?
8. Which school are you going to send him to?
9. You will make all the arrangements.
10. I will not do any business with them.

• Thomson & Martinet (1986). A Practical English Grammar (4th Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Allen W. Stannard (1989). Living English Structure. Hong Kong: Longman.
• Radio Australia, English for You. Victoria: The Dominion Press.

For other Future forms, also read:

reviously, we have learnt about contrasting The Past Perfect to the Simple Past tense in Contrasting Past Tenses: The Simple Past VS The Past Perfect Tense. Now, let's practice how to use the Simple Past and the Past Perfect tense correctly.

For more resources on the Past Perfect tense, please read:

1. The difference between the Simple Past and the Past Perfect tense: Contrasting Past Tenses: The Simple Past VS The Past Perfect tense
2. English grammar exercise: Using the Past Perfect tense Exercise
3. Dialog and Explanation: Dialog Using the Past perfect tense to talk about Past Events

Exercise A: The Past Perfect tense

Complete the sentences below with Past Perfect verbs based on the situations given in brackets.

1. (Rina was doing her assignment from six o'clock till half past seven last night.)
   Answer: By a quarter to eight, Rina (finish) her assignment.
2. (Jim washed his car from nine till eleven o'clock. Tika arrived at half past eleven.)
   Answer: When Tika arrived, Jim (wash) his car.
3. (He graduated from university in 2016. His father retired in 2017.)
   Answer: When his father retired in 2017, he (graduate) from the university.
4. (The movie began at seven o'clock. We arrived at the cinema at ten minutes past seven.)
   Answer: When we arrived at the cinema, the movie (already begin).
5. (Ika typed the letter at half past eight. She finished it in twenty minutes. The manager called at nine o'clock.)
   Answer: By the time the manager called, Ika (type) the letter.
6. (The teacher explained the lesson. Then we understood it.)
   Answer: We understood the lesson after the teacher (explain) it.
7. (The train stopped. Then he got off.)
   Answer: He got off after the train (stop).
8. (I'm speaking to Maya. She has not finished her work.)
   Answer: When I spoke to Maya, she (not finish) her work.
9. (They repaired our motorcycle. We were able to continue our trip.)
   Answer: We were able to continue our trip after they (repair) our motorcycle.
10. (The guests left. Then I mowed the lawn.)
    Answer: I mowed the lawn as soon as the guests (leave).

Exercise B: Past Perfect Tense VS Simple Past Tense

In this exercise, you are to change the verbs in brackets into the Past Perfect or the Simple Past tense. Please keep in mind that when we want to refer to an earlier event or a more past time (past in the past), the Past Perfect should be used. However, when the events are told in chronological order, the Simple Past can be used.

Example: They (go) home after they (finish) their work.
Answer: They went home after they had finished their work.

1. She (just go) out when I (call) at her house.
   Answer: ....
2. I (tell) them that I (never be) to that place before.
   Answer: ....
3. My little brother (eat) all the pie before we (get) back.
   Answer: ....
4. We (ask) them what countries they (visit).
   Answer: ....
5. The police (ask) the witness what (happen) to the victim the previous night.
   Answer: ....
6. His mother (worry) a lot about him before she (hear) that he was safe.
   Answer: ....
7. The house (be) much smaller than he (think) at first.
   Answer: ....
8. The archaeologist (say) that the glories of Tutankhamen (not at all be) exaggerated.
   Answer: ....
9. He (refuse) to admit that he (steal) his friends' mobile phone.
   Answer: ....
10. She (tell) her teacher that her mother (help) her with her homework.
    Answer: ....
11. As soon as we (receive) the confirmation, we (proceed) with our plans.
    Answer: ....
12. After the bridge (be) repaired, the road (be) reopened.
    Answer: ....
13. After she (graduate) from the university, she (move) back to her hometown.
    Answer: ....
14. After we (finish) our lunch, we (continue) our journey.
    Answer: ....
15. Before the teacher (come), we (finish) cleaning our classroom.
    Answer: ....

If you wish to do the exercise online and know your score, click the link below.

ada halaman Past Perfect Tense: Dialog sebelumnya, kita sudah mempelajari bagaimana bentuk dan penggunaan Past Perfect tense dalam dialog untuk membicarakan kegiatan atau kejadian lampau. Selengkapnya, untuk mengetahui lebih banyak lagi tentang materi Past Perfect dan kapan Past Perfect harus digunakan, silahkan kunjungi halaman-halaman berikut ini:

1. Membandingkan perbedaan Past Perfect dengan Simple Past tense: Contrasting Past Tenses: The Simple Past VS The Past Perfect Tense.
2. Latihan soal membedakan penggunaan Simple Past VS the Past Perfect tense: Exercise: Past Perfect Tense VS Simple Past Tense
3. Contoh dialog dan penjelasan penggunaan Past Perfect: Dialog Using the Past perfect tense to talk about Past Events

Sekarang, mari kita uji pemahaman kita tentang bentuk dan penggunaan Past Perfect Tense dengan mengerjakan soal latihan di halaman ini. Selamat berlatih, and good luck with your English.

Latihan soal Past Perfect Tense

Isilah tempat yang kosong dengan menggunakan bentuk Past Perfect yang benar dari kata kerja di dalam kurung. Perhatikan bahwa pada beberapa kalimat, Past Perfect tense bisa digunakan setara dengan Simple Past tense atau Past Perfect Continuous tense.

1. The students ...(finish)... the test before the bell rang.
2. The big old tree, which ...(stand)... there for hundreds of years, suddenly crashed to the ground.
3. After he ...(leave)..., she told me his name.
4. Peter, who ...(wait)... since three o'clock, was very angry with his sister when she eventually turned up.
5. He thanked me for what I ...(do)....
6. He ...(serve)... in the army for ten years; then he retired and married.
7. Before we ...(go)... very far, we found that we ...(loose)... our way.
8. I left my office after I ...(finish)... my work.
9. He died after he ...(be)... ill a long time.
10. ... (you-sign)... the letter before you sent it?
11. ...(he-clean)... the mess when you arrived?
12. ...(she-learn)... English before she went abroad?
13. She told me she ...(not meet)... him before.
14. The fire ...(not spread)... to the next house when the firemen arrived.
15. The train ...(not depart)... when we arrived at the station.
16. The politician declared that his party ...(always stand)... for social security.
17. We were surprised to hear that she ...(write)... five novels .
18. The wet grass told us that the rain ...(fall)... in the night.
19. He asked why she ...(not come)... to his sister's birthday party.
20. The news told us that a big flood ...(happen)... in the small town.

Kembali ke halaman Past Perfect Tense: Dialog untuk mempelajari bentuk dan penggunaan Past Perfect tense.
Untuk mengerjakan latihan soal ini secara online (CBT) dan mengetahui skor kalian, kunjungi link di bawah ini. Reference:

• Thomson & Martinet (1986). A Practical English Grammar (4th Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Allen W. Stannard (1989). Living English Structure. Hong Kong: Longman.
• Radio Australia, English for You. Victoria: The Dominion Press.

etelah kita mempelajari bagaimana penggunaan dan perbedaan antara Simple Past dengan Past Perfect tense pada halaman Contrasting Past Tenses: The Simple Past VS The Past Perfect Tense, sekarang mari kita berlatih bagaimana penggunaan Past Perfect tense dalam dialog untuk membicarakan kegiatan atau kejadian lampau. Selengkapnya, untuk membaca lebih banyak lagi tentang materi Past Perfect dan penggunaannya, silahkan kunjungi halaman-halaman berikut ini:

1. Membandingkan perbedaan Past Perfect dengan Simple Past tense: Contrasting Past Tenses: The Simple Past VS The Past Perfect Tense.
2. Latihan soal membedakan penggunaan Simple Past VS the Past Perfect tense: Exercise: Past Perfect Tense VS Simple Past Tense
3. Latihan soal Past Perfect tense: Exercise: How to Use Past Perfect Tense

Selanjutnya, mari kita berlatih menggunakan bentuk Past Perfect Tense dalam dialog atau percakapan sehari-hari. Selamat berlatih, and good luck with your English.

Past Perfect Tense dalam Dialog

ALDO:	"I'm sorry you couldn't come to the play with me last night, Nina."
NINA:	"I'm sorry too, Aldo, but I'd already made other arrangements before you invited me."
ALDO:	"I know. But if you'd been able to come, you would have enjoyed it very much."
NINA:	"Was it a good play?"
ALDO:	"Yes, it was a good play, but there's another reason why you would have enjoyed yourself."
NINA:	"Why would I have enjoyed myself, then?"
ALDO:	"Because it was so funny?"
NINA:	"But it wasn't a comedy, was it? I thought that they'd decided to do a drama."
ALDO:	"That's right! They'd decided to do a serious drama, and they did a drama! But they hadn't prepared the play properly."
NINA:	"And so it became funny?"
ALDO:	"Yes! I laughed till I cried. Until I saw that play last night, I hadn't realized that a serious drama could be so amusing."
NINA:	"Oh, please tell me all about it, Aldo."
NINA:	"What happened?"
ALDO:	"At the beginning of the play, there was nobody on the stage. Then, one of the actors entered, and sit on a chair."
NINA:	"Oh please, Aldo. Don't laugh! Tell me what happened."
ALDO:	"Well, he'd just sat down when someone knocked at the door. He turned around suddenly - and the chair broke!"
NINA:	"Oh dear! And by that time he hadn't spoken a word, I suppose."
ALDO:	"No. Everybody laughed. The actor who was knocking at the door hadn't heard the crash, so he knocked again. The actor who had broken the chair called out: "Come in!" The first actor hadn't got up from the floor when the second one came in and started to laugh too!"
NINA:	"And then what happened?"
ALDO:	"When they removed the broken chair, the play really began."
NINA:	"But you said that the actors hadn't learnt the play properly. Tell me about that!"
ALDO:	"A little later, at one of the most interesting moments in the play, one of the actors forgot what to say next. He couldn't remember what to say, and nobody helped him."
NINA:	Oh, poor man! What did he do?"
ALDO:	"After he'd stood there for a few moments, he started to speak again, but they weren't the right words. Because he hadn't said the right words, the other actors didn't know what to say next."
NINA:	"And I suppose everyone laughed again!"
ALDO:	"Yes, and when they'd started to laugh, they couldn't stop laughing during the rest of the play. The actors made a lot more mistakes, and people laughed more and more. It was a wonderful play!"
NINA:	"Well, Aldo, I'm really sorry I'd made those other arrangements!"

Bagaimanakah bentuk Past Perfect Tense?

Bacalah lagi dialog di atas dengan memperhatikan kalimat-kalimat yang dicetak miring.

• ... I'd (I had) already made ....
  
• ... you'd (you had) been able to come, ....
• ... They'd (They had) decided to do ....
• ... they hadn't prepared the play ....
• ... I hadn't realized ....
• ... they hadn't chosen the furniture ....
• ... he'd just sat down ....
• ... by that time, he hadn't spoken a word, ....
• ... The actor who was knocking at the door hadn't heard the crash, ....
• ... The actor who had broken the chair ....
• ... The first actor hadn't got up ....
• ... the actors hadn't learnt the play ....
• ... After he'd stood there ....
• ... he hadn't said the right words ....
• ... when they'd started to laugh ....

Perhatikan bahwa kata kerja yang digunakan adalah bentuk had + perfect infinitive (had verb 3). Bentuk kata kerja inilah yang disebut Past Perfect tense. Perhatikan kalimat-kalimat berikut:

1. Affirmative: "I had/I'd studied."
2. Negative: "I had not/hadn't studied."
3. Interrogative: "Had I studied?"
4. Negative interrogative: "Had I not/hadn't I studied?"

Bagaimana dan kapan bentuk Past Perfect Tense digunakan?

1. Past perfect sebagai bentuk lampau dari present perfect. Contoh:
   Present perfect: "Ann has just left. If you hurry you'll catch her".
   Past: "When I arrived Ann had just left".
   Present: "I have lost my eraser. I have to borrow one from my friend."
   Past: "I had lost my eraser and had to borrow one from my friend."
2. Past perfect dengan "since/for/always", digunakan untuk kegiatan/kejadian yang baru saja selesai atau masih berlanjut sampai pada saat itu. Contoh:
   I met Lisa at the restaurant a few months ago. She had worked there as a waiter for a year/since she moved here. (Past perfect continuous "She had been working ...." juga bisa digunakan di situasi tersebut)
   Lisa had worked as a cashier in a shop for two years. Then, she decided to find another job. (Bentuk past perfect continuous "had been working" tidak bisa digunakan pada kalimat ini karena kondisi yang dimaksud sudah tidak berlangsung lagi)
3. Past perfect sebagai bentuk lampau yang ekuivalen/setara dengan simple past, digunakan untuk membicarakan suatu kondisi/kejadian yang lebih lampau lagi. Contoh:
   The boy had to work hard at an early age. His father had died years before and since then he had lived alone with his mother. His father had left him a small farm and had taught him how to be a farmer.
   I was late. When I arrived, she was a bit upset as she had waited for half an hour. (Past perfect continuous "she had been waiting" bisa dipakai dalam kalimat ini karena kejadian yang dimaksud masih berlangsung)

Catatan:

Dalam penggunaan yang ke-3, yaitu dalam hal menceritakan kejadian yang lebih lampau, pemakaian Past perfect tense tidak diperlukan jika kita bercerita secara berurutan sesuai dengan kronologi waktu kejadian, tanpa harus melompat lagi ke waktu yang lebih lampau. Dalam hal ini, bentuk waktu yang harus digunakan adalah Simple past tense. Contoh:
His father taught him how to be a farmer. When he was sixteen, his father died and left him a small farm. Then, he lived alone with his mother.

Reference:

• Thomson & Martinet (1986). A Practical English Grammar (4th Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Allen W. Stannard (1989). Living English Structure. Hong Kong: Longman.
• Radio Australia, English for You. Victoria: The Dominion Press.

A. Future Perfect Tense dalam Dialog

BETTY:	"Jim! ... Jim!"
JIM:	"Wait. I'm still busy working."
BETTY:	"Jim! Will you listen to me? I want to talk to you."
JIM:	"Oh! Do you want to talk to me?"
BETTY:	"Of course, I want to talk to you."
JIM:	"Well, what do you want to talk about? Do you really want to talk to me while I am working? I'll be able to come inside and talk to you when we have coffee. I'll have drunk my coffee by about eleven o'clock, and then I'll finish making the box. I'll have finished making it by about half past eleven, and then I'll paint it. By lunch time, I'll have made myself a new fishing box and I'll have painted it."
BETTY:	"Jim!"
JIM:	"What's the matter, Betty? Is the coffee ready now?"
BETTY:	"No, the coffee isn't ready now! That's what I want to talk to you about. You won't have drunk your coffee by eleven o'clock."
JIM:	"Why not? It's only half past ten now."
BETTY:	"You won't have drunk your coffee by eleven o'clock because I won't have made it."
JIM:	"Why won't you have made it?"
BETTY:	"I won't have made it because we don't have any coffee."
JIM:	"Oh! ... Why don't you say so?"
BETTY:	"I've tried to tell you several times, but you started hammering again, or sawing, and I had to shout at you."
JIM:	"I'm sorry, Betty."
BETTY:	"Now, are you listening?"
JIM:	"Yes, I'm listening."
BETTY:	"When I came outside, I wanted to ask you to go in the car to get some coffee."
JIM:	"But that will take time! If I don't keep on working now, I won't have painted the fishing box by lunchtime."
BETTY:	"Unless you leave off working now, you won't have any coffee. In fact, you won't have coffee again until Monday, because the shops will be shut until then."
JIM:	"I see! Hmmm. Oh well, I won't have painted my fishing box by lunchtime but that won't really matter. I don't mind going to get some coffee. I'll go now. Is everything ready except the coffee?"
BETTY:	"No, the cups aren't ready yet."
JIM:	Well, you'd better hurry! I won't be long. If you don't hurry, I'll have returned with the coffee, and you still won't be ready."
BETTY:	"All right, I'll hurry."
JIM:	"I won't be long."

B. Bagaimanakah bentuk Future Perfect Tense?

Bacalah lagi dialog di atas dengan memperhatikan kalimat-kalimat yang dicetak miring. Perhatikan bahwa kata kerja yang digunakan adalah bentuk will/shall + perfect infinitive (will/shall + have verb 3). Bentuk kata kerja inilah yang disebut Future Perfect tense.

C. Bagaimana penggunaan Future Perfect Tense?

1. Shall bisa digunakan jika subyek berupa orang pertama (I atau We), meskipun shall sudah jarang digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris modern .
2. Future perfect tense sangat sering digunakan bersama keterangan waktu yang diawali dengan kata by then, by that time, by the ....
3. Future perfect tense bisa digunakan untuk mengutarakan kejadian/keadaan yang pada suatu saat nanti akan menjadi kejadian/keadaan lampau, atau baru saja selesai dikerjakan.
   Agar lebih mudah memahami penjelasan tentang future perfect tense ini, mari kita perhatikan contoh situasi di bawah ini.
   It is March 7th today. The third-grade students are busy preparing for the final exam that they are taking in the end of this month. We'd better wait till April to hold the students' art show. The students will have had their exam by then, so they'll be able to enjoy themselves.

D. Soal Latihan Future Perfect Tense

A. Isilah bagian kosong dengan bentuk Future Perfect tense dari kalimat di dalam kurung.
Contoh: (Tina is washing the carpet now.) When we arrive home, Tina will have washed the carpet.

1. (Ms. Ida is making the beds now.) By ten o'clock, Ms. Ida ....
2. (The men are repairing the computer now.) When you come from lunch this afternoon, the men ....
3. (Margaret is writing her essay this week.) By next Tuesday, Margaret ....
4. (Mr. Adi is reading the book.) Mr. Adi ... by this time next week.
5. (I'm polishing my shoes now.) When breakfast is ready, I ....
6. (We're cutting this big tree down now.) By this evening, we ....
7. (Rio is planting some plants in the garden now.) Rio ... by half past two.
8. (She's sewing herself a dress today.) When her mother comes home, she ....
9. (They're moving into their new house.) By tomorrow, they ....
10. (Dwi and Sasha are doing their university courses.) They ... by the year after next.

B. Ubahlah kalimat-kalimat berikut menjadi kalimat tanya.
Contoh:
She will have completed the exercise by one o'clock.
Answer: WIll she have completed the exercise by one o'clock?
(How long) he'll have been in this office by next year.
Answer: How long will he have been in this office by next year?

1. You'll have finished that job by next Friday.
   ... by next Friday?
2. (What time) they will have cleaned this room.
   What time ...?
3. (When) she'll have cooked the dinner.
   When ...?
4. They will have explored the forest soon.
   ... soon?
5. (What) you'll have done by the time I return.
   What ... by the time I return?
6. The lawn service agent will have mown our lawn by this evening.
   ... by this evening?

C. Jawablah pertanyaan-pertanyaan berikut dengan menggunakan kalimat lengkap dalam bentuk Future Perfect tense.

1. Romy will save one hundred thousand rupiahs in April. He'll save fifty thousand rupiahs in May. Will he have saved two hundred thousand rupiahs by the end of May?
   Answer : No, he ... by the end of May.
2. It is 2019. Hana moved here in 2012. Will she have lived here for ten years by next year?
   Answer : No, she ... by next year.
3. It is 9 a.m. now. We will drive at the speed of 70 kilometer per hour. Surabaya is 100 kilometers away from here. Will we have arrived in Surabaya by ten o'clock?
   Answer : No, we ... by ten o'clock.

Untuk mengerjakan soal ini dalam versi CBT (computer-based test) dan melihat kunci jawaban serta mengetahui skor anda, klik tautan di bawah ini. Reference:

• Thomson & Martinet (1986). A Practical English Grammar (4th Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Radio Australia, English for You. Victoria: The Dominion Press.