Mister Guru

I. Apakah "Direct Speech" dan "Indirect Speech / Reported Speech"?

alam bahasa Inggris, untuk menceritakan kembali atau mengutip perkataan dan pemikiran seseorang, kita bisa melakukannya dengan 2 (dua) cara, yaitu:

1. Menggunakan kalimat langsung (direct speech), yaitu dengan mengulang atau menggunakan kata-kata aslinya dengan menggunakan tanda kutip (‘....’ atau “....”) dalam penulisannya. Contoh:
   • He said, “I have seen the movie before”.
   • I thought, “he needs to improve his English."
   • “The mission,” he stated, "will be difficult to accomplish.”
   • “I think so,” replied Tom.
2. Menggunakan kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech / reported speech), yaitu menyampaikan isi makna atau gagasan secara tepat tanpa menggunakan atau mengutip kata-kata aslinya. Contoh:
   • He said that he had seen the movie before.
   • I thought that he needed to improve his English.
   • He stated that the mission would be difficult to accomplish.
   Catatan: Kata-kata seperti "yes", "no", "well", serta kata seru dan question-tags, tidak bisa digunakan pada kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech / reported speech). Contoh:
   • “Yes, I think so,” he said. “It’s difficult, isn’t it? (direct speech)
   • He agreed and said that it was difficult. (indirect speech / reported speech)

II. Bagaimana cara mengubah "Direct Speech" menjadi "Indirect Speech / Reported Speech"?

Untuk mengubah "direct speech" menjadi "indirect speech / reported speech", ada beberapa perubahan atau penyesuaian yang harus dilakukan, terutama jika kata kerja untuk melaporkan (reporting verb) ada dalam bentuk lampau (past), contoh; "said", "wondered", "thought", "told", dll). Agar lebih mudah dipelajari, berikut ini contoh-contoh perubahan kalimat langsung (direct speech) menjadi kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech / reported speech) yang disajikan dalam tabel.

2.A. Kalimat pernyataan (positive & negative statement)

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT / REPORTED SPEECH
SIMPLE PRESENT “I never travel by train,” he explained.	SIMPLE PAST He explained that he never traveled by train.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS “I’m cleaning my room,” she said.	PAST CONTINUOUS She said (that) she was cleaning her room.
PRESENT PERFECT “We have found a key,” they said.	PAST PERFECT They said (that) they had found a key.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS He said, “I’ve been working hard.”	PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS He said he had been working hard.
SIMPLE PAST ‘I took it home with me,’ she said.	PAST PERFECT She said she had taken it home with her.
PAST CONTINUOUS ‘When I saw her she was eating,’ he said. ‘I was doing my job,’ he said.	PAST CONTINUOUS He said (that) when he saw her she was eating. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS He said (that) he had been doing his job.
FUTURE She said, ‘I will send it by email.”	CONDITIONAL She said she would send it by email.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS ‘I’ll be meeting him soon,’ she said.	CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS She said she’d be meeting him soon.
CONDITIONAL I said, ‘I would like to see it.’	CONDITIONAL (No Change) I said (that) I would like to see it.

2. B. Kalimat tanya (question / interrogative)

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT / REPORTED SPEECH
SIMPLE PRESENT “Where does she live?” he said.	SIMPLE PAST He asked where she lived.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS “Where is he going?” she said.	PAST CONTINUOUS She asked where he was going.
PRESENT PERFECT “Have you found a flat?” he said.	PAST PERFECT He asked if/whether I had found a flat.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS He said, “How long have you been waiting?”	PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS He asked how long I had been waiting.
SIMPLE PAST ‘Did you live in a house or a dorm?’ she asked.	PAST PERFECT She asked whether I’d lived in a house or a dorm.
PAST CONTINUOUS ‘Was she studying or not?’ he asked. ‘Were you joking about the price?’ he said.	PAST CONTINUOUS He asked whether or not she was studying. He asked whether she was studying or not. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS He asked if I had been joking about the price.
FUTURE He asked, ‘If you pass will you move to Bali?”	CONDITIONAL He asked whether, if I passed, I’d move to Bali.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS ‘Will you be using it on the 7th?’ she asked.	CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS She asked if I would be using it on the 7th.
CONDITIONAL He said, ‘Would she accept it?’	CONDITIONAL (No Change) He asked if she would accept it.

2. C. Kalimat permintaan / perintah, penawaran, saran (request, offer, suggestion)

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT / REPORTED SPEECH
Kalimat permintaan (request)
“Will/would you file these letters, please?” I said.	I asked/told him to file the letters.
“Could I see her, please?” he said.	He asked to see her.
He said, “Lie down, Tom.”	He asked Tom to lie down.
“Don’t swim out too far, boys,” I said.	I warned/told the boys not to swim out too far.
‘Don’t be late,’ said the teacher.	The teacher asked not to be late.
Kalimat penawaran (offer)
“Would you like a lift?” said Ann.	Ann offered me a lift.
Nasehat / saran (suggestion / advice)
‘Let’s leave the case here,’ he said.	He suggested leaving the case there. He suggested that they leave the case there. (US) He suggested that they should leave the case there. (GB)

Ubahlah kalimat-kalimat langsung (direct speech) berikut ini menjadi kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech / reported speech).

1. He said, "I want to go home."
2. "I have finished the report," Jim said.
3. Mary asked me, "Can you speak Spanish?"
4. I told him, "Please show me your ID card."
5. She said, "I am making a new dress."
6. "Where did you find the information?" I asked her.
7. He told her, "Please finish the story."
8. "Can you find the documents?" she asked.
9. Dad said, "You should knock at the door before coming in."
10. "Don't shout!" said the teacher.
11. "Do you remember the number?" the policeman asked.
12. She said, "Would you like some coffee?"
13. "Do you play badminton?" he asked her.
14. He said, "I don't intend to go to town today."
15. "Don't use too much paint on the front gate," he said.
16. "Let's wash these clothes," they said.
17. "Where did the accident happen?" she asked him.
18. She asked the gardener, "How often do you water the flowers?"
19. The teacher said, "We will announce the exam result soon."
20. He explained, "They are going to discuss the proposal at the next meeting."

^{English Crossword Puzzle, 082011 11.23 PM 5296}

Simple Present tense, ada juga yang menyebutnya Present Simple tense, adalah bentuk kata kerja yang sangat sering digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris di samping Simple Past tense. Simple Present tense digunakan untuk membicarakan kejadian-kejadian yang terjadi sebagai rutinitas, fakta yang umum, sampai dengan kata kerja yang berkaitan dengan perasaan, panca indera, dll. Selengkapnya, mari kita pelajari semuanya di sini, baik tentang bentuk hingga penggunaan Simple Present tense.

1. Bagaimana bentuk kata kerja "Simple Present Tense"?

da beberapa hal yang harus diingat tentang kalimat dengan bentuk "Simple Present Tense", apakah itu kalimat dengan kata kerja utama (main verb) atau dengan kata kerja (verb) "be". Untuk lebih jelasnya, perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimat dalam tabel di bawah ini.

Simple Present dengan main verb

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative	Negative interrogative
I work	I do not work I don't work	do I work?	do I not work? don't I work?
we work	we do not work we don't work	do we work?	do we not work? don't we work?
you work	you do not work you don't work	do you work?	do you not work? don't you work?
they work	they do not work they don't work	do they work?	do they not work? don't they work?
he works	he does not work he doesn't work	does he work?	does he not work? doesn't he work?
she works	she does not work she doesn't work	does she work?	does she not work? doesn't she work?
it works	it does not work it doesn't work	does it work?	does it not work? doesn't it work?

Simple Present dengan kata kerja (verb) "be"

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative	Negative interrogative
I am tall	I am not tall	am I tall?	am I not tall?
we are tall	we are not tall we aren't tall	are we tall?	are we not tall? aren't we tall?
you are tall	you are not tall you aren't tall	are you tall?	are you not tall? aren't you tall?
they are tall	they are not tall they aren't tall	are they tall?	are they not tall? aren't they tall?
he is tall	he is not tall he isn't tall	is he tall?	is he not tall? isn't he tall?
she is tall	she is not tall she isn't tall	is she tall?	is she not tall? isn't she tall?
it is tall	it is not tall it isn't tall	is it tall?	is it not tall? isn't it tall?

2. Kapan harus menggunakan "Simple Present Tense"?

Penggunaan simple present tense yang paling utama adalah untuk:

1. Membicarakan rutinitas/kebiasaan di masa sekarang. Karena itu, simple present tense seringkali digunakan bersama kata keterangan (adverbs) atau frasa keterangan (adverb phrase) seperti: always, never, occasionally, often, sometimes, usually, every day, every week, on Mondays, twice a year dll, atau dengan anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai keterangan waktu (time clause) biasanya didahului dengan "whenever" atau "when".
   Contoh:
   • Ida practices English every day.
   • He doesn't smoke.
   • She works in a bank.
   • How often do you wash your hair?
   • Whenever it rains the roof leaks.
   Kalimat-kalimat contoh di atas tidak membicarakan kegiatan yang sedang dilakukan, melainkan hal-hal yang terjadi setiap saat dan menjadi rutinitas / kebiasaan.
2. Membicarakan fakta atau kejadian yang umum.
   Contoh:
   • Cows eat grass.
   • The sun rises in the east.
   • A day consists of twenty four hours.
   Kalimat-kalimat contoh di atas membicarakan hal-hal yang bersifat umum atau fakta yang diakui kebenarannya oleh semua orang.
3. Dengan kata kerja (verb) be, simple present tense juga dapat membicarakan keadaan sekarang, maupun kondisi umum.
   Contoh:
   • Reza is not at home.
   • You are right.
   • I am happy.
   • Gold is expensive.
   • The ocean is deep.
4. Dengan kata kerja yang tidak dapat digunakan dalam bentuk continuous, yaitu:
   1. Kata kerja yang berkaitan dengan panca indera
      Misal: feel, hear, see, smell, look, taste.
      Contoh:
      • This food tastes delicious.
      • You look gorgeous in that red dress.
      • Do you hear that noise?
   2. Kata kerja tentang perasaan,
      Misal: admire, adore, appreciate, care for, desire, detest, dislike, fear, hate, like, loathe, love, mind, respect, value, want, wish.
      Contoh:
      • I always admire Balinese dances.
      • Do you mind if I use your phone?
      • I don't want to be late for work on my first day at the office.
   3. Kata kerja tentang aktifitas mental,
      Misal: agree, appreciate, assume, believe, expect, feel, forget, know, mean, perceive, realize, recall, recognize, recollect, remember, suppose, think, trust, understand.
      Contoh:
      • I agree with you.
      • Do you know what I think about this food?
      • I don't understand what you mean.
   4. Kata kerja tentang kepemilikan,
      Misal: belong, owe, own, possess.
      Contoh:
      • How much do I owe you?
      • The book belongs to me. It's mine.
   5. Kata kerja yang berfungsi hampir sama dengan kata kerja bantu (auxilliary),
      Misal: appear, concern, consist, contain, hold (= contain) keep (= continue), matter, seem, signify, sound.
      Contoh:
      • It doesn't matter to me.
      • That box contains explosives.

Selain penggunaan yang paling umum di atas, simple present tense juga bisa digunakan dalam beberapa kondisi lainnya seperti:

1. Dengan kata kerja "say", jika kita bertanya atau mengutip dari buku, rambu / tanda.
   Contoh:
   • What does that notice say?
     It says, 'No parking.'
   • What does the manual say?
     It says, 'Follow every steps in assembling the parts.'
   • Soekarno says, 'Give me 10 young men, I will shake the world.'
2. DIgunakan pada judul surat kabar (headline).
   Contoh:
   • COVID-19: INDONESIA EXPANDS BAN
   • GOVT REMOVES PRICE FLOOR FOR UNSUBSIDIZED FUELS
3. Dalam narasi drama, komentar olah raga, dll.
   Contoh:
   • When the curtain rises, Juliet is writing at her desk. Suddenly the window opens and a masked man enters.
4. Untuk rencana / jadwal perjalanan.
   Contoh:
   • We leave Surabaya at 7.00 next Tuesday and arrive in Mataram at 10.00. We spend a night in Mataram and leave for Gili Trawangan at 9.00 on Wednesday.
5. Dalam conditional sentence type 1.
   Contoh:
   • If I see Udin I'll tell him.
   • If you pull the handbrake the car won't move.
6. Dengan "why" dalam bentuk negative question untuk memberikan saran.
   Contoh:
   • Why don't we go out?
   • Why don't you talk to him about the problem?

I. Buatlah kalimat dalam Simple Present Tense bentuk affirmative, negative, dan question menggunakan subyek dan kata kerja yang telah disediakan. Lihatlah tabel Simple Present dengan action verb

1. He - like - Padang food.
   (+) Affirmative:
   (-) Negative:
   (?) Interrogative:
2. They - work - in the factory.
   (+) Affirmative:
   (-) Negative:
   (?) Interrogative:
3. The bus - leave - at seven fifteen.
   (+) Affirmative:
   (-) Negative:
   (?) Interrogative:
4. She - know - this place well.
   (+) Affirmative:
   (-) Negative:
   (?) Interrogative:
5. It - say - "No Parking".
   (+) Affirmative:
   (-) Negative:
   (?) Interrogative:

II. Lengkapilah kalimat-kalimat berikut dengan kata kerja di bawah ini. Sesuaikan bentuk kata kerja dengan subyek kalimat. Lihat contoh jawaban pada nomer 1.

---

---

1. Rani ... Japanese very well.
   Jawaban: Rani speaks Japanese very well.
2. The museum ... at 4 o’clock on Sundays.
3. The news program ... at five P.M. every day.
4. Koko and Adi ... to the same school.
5. The Olympic Games ... place every four years.
6. My parents ... in a small town.
7. They ... working at five PM every day.
8. Bad driving ... many accidents.
9. A notice at the end of the road ... people not to go any further.
10. As soon as he ... any money he will spend it.

III. Ubahlah kata kerja (verb) di dalam kurung ke dalam bentuk yang benar. Lihat contoh jawaban pada nomer 1.

1. Shella ... (not / drink)... coffee very often.
   Jawaban: Shella doesn’t drink coffee very often.
2. What time ...(the banks / close)... here?
3. I have a car, but I ...(not / use)... it much.
4. Where ...(the new teacher / come)... from?
5. ‘What ...(you / do)...?’ ~ ‘I’m an electrician.’
6. Look at this sentence. What ...(this word / mean)...?
7. David isn’t very fit. He ...(not / do)... any sport.
8. It ...(take)... me an hour to get to work in the morning. How long ...(it / take)... you?
9. ...(you / play)... football? ~ Yes, sometimes.
10. ...(you / work)... at night? ~ No, we ...(not)....

IV. Lengkapi kalimat-kalimat berikut dengan salah satu kata kerja di bawah ini. Bentuklah menjadi kalimat negatif jika perlu. Lihat contoh pada nomer 1 & 2.

---

---

1. The earth ... round the sun.
   Jawaban: The earth goes round the sun.
2. Rice ... in cold climates.
   Jawaban: Rice doesn’t grow in cold climates.
3. Bees ... honey.
4. Vegetarians ... meat.
5. An atheist ... in God.
6. An interpreter ... from one language into another.
7. Liars are people who ... the truth.
8. The River Amazon ... into the Atlantic Ocean.
9. He is a taxi driver. He ... a bus.
10. The restaurant is one of my favorites. It ... good food.

V. Lengkapilah kalimat-kalimat berikut ini dengan menggunakan kata-kata di bawah ini. Lihat contoh soal nomer 1.

---

---

1. Mr Evans is not in the office today. ... you try calling him tomorrow.
   Mr Evans is not in the office today. I suggest you try calling him tomorrow.
2. I won’t tell anybody what you said. ....
3. You must let me enter the room. ....
4. ... for what I said. I shouldn’t have said it.
5. The new restaurant in Baker Street is very good. ... it.
6. I think you’re absolutely right. ... with you.

Reference:

• Thomson & Martinet. A Practical English Grammar (4th Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
• Murphy, Raymond. English Grammar in Use, Fourth Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

^{8211 4:46 PM 1471}

entuk kata kerja "Used to + Infinitive" dan "be used to + noun/gerund" dalam bahasa Inggris sangat sering disalah-artikan. Keduanya dianggap sama dengan kata kerja "use" yang berarti "memakai", "menggunakan", atau "memanfaatkan". Padahal ketiganya sangat berbeda, tidak saja dari segi bentuk, tapi juga yang terpenting makna dan penggunaannya. Untuk lebih jelasnya, mari kita pelajari di sini mulai dari bentuk hingga makna dan penggunaannya.

1. Bentuk "Used To" dan "Be Used To"

Used to + Infinitive (Verb 1)	Be/Get Used to + Noun/Pronoun/Gerund
Kalimat positif/afirmatif: She used to live in Tokyo.	Kalimat positif/afirmatif: She is used to living in a big city. She gets used to living in a big city.
Kalimat negatif: She did not (didn't) use to live in Tokyo. atau She used not (usedn't) to live in Tokyo.	Kalimat negatif: She is not (isn't) used to living in a big city. She does not (doesn't) get used to living in a big city.
Kalimat tanya/Interogatif: Did she use to live in Tokyo? Used she to live in Tokyo?	Kalimat tanya/Interogatif: Is she used to living in a big city? Does she get used to living in a big city?

2. Penggunaan "Used To" dan "Be Used To"

Used + to Infinitive (Verb 1)	Be/Get Used to + Noun/Pronoun/Gerund
"Used to" berfungsi sebagai verb (kata kerja), seperti modals, diikuti oleh Infinitive (verb 1)	"Be used to" berfungsi sebagai adjective (kata sifat), didahului oleh "be/get/become", lalu diikuti Noun/Pronoun/Gerund.
"Used to" adalah bentuk lampau, tidak memiliki bentuk "present" (sekarang).	"Be", "Get", atau "Become" bisa dalam tense (bentuk waktu) apapun, past, present, atau future.
"Used to" digunakan untuk membicarakan kebiasaan lampau atau situasi lampau yang sudah tidak dilakukan lagi sekarang, dan berbeda dengan kebiasaan atau kondisi sekarang. Contoh: She used to live in Tokyo; now she lives in Osaka. He used to dislike spicy food but he quite likes it now. "Used to" bisa memiliki kesamaan dengan "would", untuk membicarakan kebiasaan/situasi lampau, tanpa membandingkan dengan kebiasaan/kondisi sekarang. Contoh kalimat: When I was a little boy, I used to play traditional games with my friends. After school, we used to spend our afternoon playing kites near a rice field.	Sebagai kata sifat (adjective), used to bermakna 'terbiasa' atau 'accustomed'. Contoh kalimat: I am used to noise. I am used to working in a noisy room. You will soon get used to automatic transmission. You will soon get used to driving with automatic transmission. They soon got used to the traffic regulations. They soon got used to driving on the left.

3. Contoh kalimat yang menggunakan "Used to" dan "Be used to"

• I used to drink a lot of cold drinks; now I prefer warm pure water.
• Every morning Andi used to say goodbye to his mother before leaving for school.
• Her mother used to stand at the door and wave goodbye.
• In the afternoon she used to welcome him home and ask him about his day.
• I am used to cold weather. I used to live in a snowy country before, so the cold doesn't bother me at all.
• I'm used to eating rice for my meals, so I find these lunches rather unsatisfying.
• Sari doesn’t travel much these days. She prefers to stay at home. But she used to travel a lot. She used to go away two or three times a year.
• I used to play table tennis a lot, but I don’t play very much now.
• I bought some new shoes..They felt a little strange at first because I wasn’t used to them.
• I wouldn’t like to share a room. I’m used to living alone.

I. Lengkapi kalimat-kalimat berikut dengan "used to + verb (kata kerja)" yang sesuai. Lihat contoh nomer 1.

1. Hari ...(travel)... a lot, but he doesn’t go away much these days.
   Hari used to travel a lot, but he doesn’t go away much these days.
2. Sophie ...(ride)... a motorbike, but last year she sold it and bought a car.
3. Our friends moved to Malang a few years ago. They ...(live)... in Probolinggo.
4. Before the existence of internet, people ...(send)... letters by mail.
5. I rarely eat ice cream now, but I ...(eat)... it when I was a child.

II. Lengkapi kalimat-kalimat berikut dengan "be/get used to + verb (kata kerja)" yang sesuai. Lihat contoh nomer 1.

1. I’m not lonely. I don’t need other people. I ...(be)... on my own.
   I’m not lonely. I don’t need other people. I am used to being on my own.
2. I don’t feel good. I stayed up until 3 am. I ...(not - go)... to bed so late.
3. If you work as a receptionist, you’ll have to ...(meet)... new people.
4. My feet hurt. I can’t go any further. I ...(not - walk)... so far.
5. I like this part of town. I’ve been here a long time, so I ...(be)... here.

III. Pilihlah jawaban yang paling tepat, "used to" atau "be/get used to".

1. This building is now abandoned. It ... be a cinema.
   1. was used to
   2. used to
2. I ... living alone. It’s not a problem for me because I’ve lived alone for some time.
   1. am used to
   2. used to
3. I ... think Mark was unfriendly, but now I realise he’s a very nice person.
   1. used to
   2. was used to
4. I’ve started drinking coffee recently. I never ... like it before.
   1. got used to
   2. used to
5. Lisa ... have very long hair when she was a child.
   1. was used to
   2. used to
6. Susan ... spend a lot of money on clothes. These days she can’t afford it.
   1. was used to
   2. used to
7. We ... live in a small village, but now we live in a city.
   1. was used to
   2. used to
8. There ... be four cinemas in the town. Now there is only one.
   1. was used to
   2. used to
9. Gita: "Do you go to the cinema much?"
   Iva: "Not now, but I ...."
   1. was used to
   2. used to
10. ... eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?
    1. Did you get used to
    2. Did you use to

IV. Lengkapi kalimat-kalimat berikut dengan bentuk "used to + infinitive" atau "be/get used to + noun/pronoun/gerund"

1. Our new apartment is on a busy street. It’s very disturbing because we ...(not - live) ... in a noisy environment.
2. It only takes me about 40 minutes to get to work now that the new highway is open. It ...(take)... more than an hour.
3. Sarah is a nurse. A year ago she started working nights. At first it was hard for her as she ...(not - work)... nights.
4. There ...(be)... a hotel near the airport, but it closed a long time ago.
5. I ...(work)... in a factory. I decided to quit because I wanted to be a teacher.
6. Lisa comes from the United States. When she first drove a car in Indonesia, driving was a problem for her because she ...(not - drive)... on the left.
7. Friend: Wouldn’t you prefer to sleep in a bed?
   You: No, it's OK. I ...(sleep)... on the floor. It's my habit.
8. There was a river near my house where I ...(go)... fishing with my Dad when I was a child.
9. What games ...(you - play)... when you were a child?
10. Jack has to drive two hours to work every morning. Many years ago, when he first had to do this, it was hard for him and he didn’t like it because he ...(not - drive)... that long every morning.
11. In your last job, how many hours a day ...(you - spend)... to work?
12. Dani moved from a big house to a much smaller one. He found it strange at first. He had to ...(live)... in a much smaller house.
13. I ...(run)... ten kilometers, but I can’t run that far now.
14. These days I eat more than before. I ...(not - eat)... much.
15. Helen has a new job. She has to get up much earlier now than before. She finds this difficult because she ...(not - get)... up so early.

Reference:

• Raymond Murphy. English Grammar in Use (5th Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019
• Thomson & Martinet. A Practical English Grammar (4th Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986

^{BSE SMK 6211 4:53 AM 1655}

Read and practice the dialogue below.

Wendy:	When you were a boy, Paul, where did you live? What were your hobbies? Tell me everything.
Paul:	Well, Wendy, there isn't much to tell. When I was boy, my family used to live in the country - about a hundred miles from the city.
Wendy:	I didn't know you used to live in the country!
Paul:	You've never asked me about it before.
Wendy:	But my family used to live in the country too, Paul. And we lived about a hundred miles from the city too! Where did you use to live?
Paul:	Oh, I used to live at Wyanna.
Wendy:	At Wyanna? We used to live at Listerton. That's only a few miles from Wyanna!
Paul:	Fancy that! As a matter of fact, I used to go to the Listerton school. I used to travel to school by bus every day.
Wendy:	And I used to go to the Listerton school too, of course. I used to ride my bicycle to school every day. Think of it, Paul! We used to go to the same school, but we didn't know one another in those days.
Paul:	No, we didn't. You must have been in a different class. Oh, I used to enjoy travelling by bus. A lot of children from Wyanna used to travel to school by bus every day, and we used to sing songs in the bus. And we used to whistle too!
Wendy:	Oh, the poor bus-driver! I enjoyed riding my bicycle to school. I used to ride to school with several other children, and we used to play games on the way to school.
Paul:	What sort of games did you play?
Wendy:	Oh, we used to count the number of cars we saw, or the number of horses, or something like that. They were very simple games. And we often used to whistle and sing, of course.
Paul:	After school, I used to like making things in my father's workshop. I had my own hammer and my own saw, and I never used my father's tools, because he said I wasn't used to expensive tools .... What did you do after school, Wendy?
Wendy:	Oh, I used to read books, or play with my dolls. I used to water the garden every day for my father. I'd forgotten that! I never water the garden now. I wonder if Daddy remembers that I watered it every day at Listerton.
Paul:	Well, I never make things now. I haven't used a hammer or a saw for many years. Now I'm a university student. I don't have time for things like that.
Wendy:	Well, I used to like living in the country, but I'm used to the city now.
Paul:	I liked the country too, but now I'm used to lectures and essays and examinations!
Wendy:	Would you like to go back to Wyanna and Listerton for a holiday one day?
Paul:	I wouldn't mind a holiday there, but I suppose everything is different now.

^{(Adapted from: English For You - Radio Australia, Lesson No. 97)}

1. What is the topic of the above conversation?
2. Where does the conversation probably take place?
3. What is the most probable relationship between the speakers?
4. Before the conversation, did the speakers know that they used to go to the same school?
5. How did Wendy and Paul use to travel to school?
6. What did they use to do on the way to school?
7. What did they use to do after school?
8. Why did Paul never use his father's tools?
9. What is their opinion about living in the country?
10. Please copy all the sentences with "used to" and "be used to", and note how they are different in structure and meaning.You may refer to THIS PAGE.

^{PV 2698}

In English Dialogue: Expressing Past Probability With Modals + Perfective, you have noticed the use of modals + perfective in English conversation. Let's take another look at the following sentences:

• I must have forgotten to take my umbrella.
• I might have lost it anywhere.
• How could you have lost it?
• I may have left it in the coffee lounge.
• You should have been more careful.

Do you understand what the above sentences mean? Do you know how to make a sentence with similar structure to those? Let's learn more about it here.

1. The Structure of Modals + Perfective

1. Affirmative / positive sentence:

Subject	Modals	have	past participle
I We You They He She It Etc.	may might ought to must could should	have	been slept arrived finished forgotten left gone Etc.

2. Interrogative sentence / question:

Question words	Modals	Subject	have	past participle
Who What How Where When Etc.	may might must could should	I we you they he she it Etc.	have	been? slept? arrived? finished? forgotten? left? gone? Etc.

3. Negative sentence:

Subject	Modals + not	have	past participle
I We You They He She It Etc.	may not might not ought not to must not (mustn't) could not (couldn't) should not (shouldn't) needn't	have	been slept arrived finished forgotten left gone Etc.

2. The Uses of Modals + Perfective

• May have past participle expresses less than 50% certainty.
  Example: I may have left my umbrella in the coffee lounge.
• Might have past participle expresses less than 50% certainty.
  Example: I might have lost it anywhere.
• Ought to have past participle expresses:
  • advisability
    Example: You ought to have talked to your manager, but you didn't.
  • 90% certainty/expectation
    Example: She ought to have done well in the test because she was well prepared.
• Must have past participle expresses 95% certainty/logical conclusion
  Example: You must have lost your umbrella, not your briefcase.
• Could have past participle expresses:
  • less than 50% certainty
    Example: I suppose someone could have picked it up before I rang.
  • unfulfilled suggestion (positive sentence only)
    Example: You could have talked to me before making the decision.
  • impossibility (negative only)
    Example: He couldn't have done such a silly thing.
• Should have past participle expresses:
  • advisability/unfulfilled expectation
    Example: He should have worked harder for the test, but he didn't.
  • 90% certainty/expectation
    Example: She should have done well in the test because she was well prepared.
• Needn't have past participle expresses lack of necessity.
  Example: You needn't have worried all day.

3. The examples of Modals + Perfective in dialogues

Practice this dialogue and pay attention to what modal + perfective structures imply.

Barbara: Yesterday I walked home from work, because I had no money for the bus.
Bill: You needn't have walked home yesterday. I could have lent you some money.
Barbara: I didn't like to borrow money from you.
Bill: Oh, but you should have asked me.

1. Choose the best answer to complete the dialogues.

1. Tom: Where was Mary yesterday? She wasn't at work.
   Bob: She ... sick yesterday.
   1. must have been
   2. needn't have been
2. Lucy: Betty isn't home.
   Ann: She ... to the shops.
   1. may have gone
   2. needn't have gone
3. Andy: Bob hasn't arrived yet.
   Bill: He ... in a traffic jam at this busy hour.
   1. ought to have been caught
   2. could have been caught
4. Lisa: I didn't know that the meeting would be postponed to next week.
   Mary: Yes. You ... the room today.
   1. might not have prepared
   2. needn't have prepared
5. Hadi: I think I've lost my key. I put it in my pocket after locking the room.
   Mary: You ... it anywhere.
   1. must have dropped
   2. should have dropped
6. Betty: He hasn't arrived yet. I assume he's lost his way.
   Rosa: I think so. He ... his way.
   1. must have lost
   2. needn't have lost
7. Jim: Nancy hasn't received the email.
   Bill: Really? It ... to the wrong address.
   1. ought to have gone
   2. may have gone
8. Dave: Bella didn't call her office when she was away from work yesterday.
   Gary: That was bad. She ... her boss.
   1. must have informed
   2. should have informed
9. Sam: I worked until late last night.
   Greg: You ... so hard. The report is due next week.
   1. could have worked
   2. needn't have worked
10. Rea: Did she phone the police?
    Lori: No. She ..., but she didn't.
    1. must have phoned
    2. could have phoned

2. Change the verbs

Change the verbs in he following sentences to indicate past time by using modal + perfective (modal + have + past participle). Number 1 has been done as an example.

1. That must be a very interesting play.
   That must have been a very interesting play.
2. Joan may not remember the number.
3. John might forget to do the shopping.
4. He needn't do that job.
5. You could borrow my laptop.
6. She should get to work on time.
7. They ought to tell me.
8. You needn't shout so loudly.
9. He should knock at the door before coming in.
10. She may know the answer.

^{Prev: BSE SMK Kelas XII, 7/3/11, 10:34 AM, PV 2042}

Are you familiar with the structure of these sentences?

• You should have informed me earlier.
• How could you have done that to him?
• They might have lost their way in the forest.

Pay attention to the underlined phrases in the above sentences. They are often referred to as "modal + perfective", and are used to express various degrees of certainty, prabibility, or advisability in the past. You can learn more about the structure and uses here.

A. Practice the dialogue below.

Betty is waiting for Jim to come home from work. It is raining outside and it is dark, and Betty is worried about Jim. Then she hears a car stopping.

Betty	Ah! That must be Jim now. I'll open the door for him .... Hello, darling. Oh! Your clothes are so wet.
Jim	Yes, darling. I forgot to take my umbrella today.
Betty	But it was raining a little this morning when you left for work.
Jim	I know, but I must have forgotten to take my umbrella.
Betty	What a pity! Never mind, go and put on some dry clothes.
Jim	I'll put on some dry clothes in a minute, Betty. At the moment I'm very worried.
Betty	Why, darling?
Jim	Because I've lost my briefcase.
Betty	Oh, Jim. That's bad luck! Do you know where you lost it?
Jim	No, that's the trouble. I might have lost it anywhere.
Betty	But a briefcase is quite a large thing. How could you have lost it?
Jim	I don't know. I may have left it in the coffee lounge where I had a cup of coffee this morning.
Betty	Why don't you phone the coffee lounge?
Jim	I phoned them this afternoon, but it wasn't there. I suppose someone could have picked it up before I rang.
Betty	I suppose so. Did you look in other places in your office? You might have put it in a different place.
Jim	I don't think so, Betty. I thought I might have put it in a different place in the office, but we all looked for it and we couldn't find it.
Betty	And was there anything very important in your briefcase, Jim?
Jim	Yes, unfortunately. I had the plans of a new bridge in it.
Betty	Oh, Jim! If you had important plans in your briefcase, you should have been more careful!
Jim	Yes, you're quite right! ... Oh well, I suppose I'd better put some dry clothes on.
Betty	Now, Jim, you must hurry. You should have put dry clothes on as soon as you came home. Why didn't you take your umbrella? Now hurry and change your clothes.
Jim	All right, Betty. I won't be long ... Betty! I didn't lose my briefcase after all! Here it is! I must have forgotten to take it this morning.
Betty	Oh, I'm so glad. So you needn't have worried all day. You didn't lose anything. That's good.
Jim	But - er, - Betty! I - er - must have taken my umbrella after all, because it isn't there now.
Betty	Oh dear! You are silly sometimes, Jim. You must have lost your umbrella, not your briefcase.

(Adapted from: Radio Australia - English for You, Lesson No. 96)

Answer the following questions

1. What is the main topic of the above conversation?
2. Betty said, "But it was raining a little this morning when you left for work."
   What did Betty most probably mean? Choose the best answer.
   1. She suggested that Jim should bring his umbrella with him.
   2. Jim shouldn't have left for work because of the rain.
   3. It was very unlikely that Jim had left his umbrella at home.
   4. It was probable that Jim had left his umbrella in his office.
3. Why was Jim very worried?
4. What was in his briefcase?
5. Jim said, "I may have left it in the coffee lounge ...."
   What does Jim's sentence imply? Choose the best answer.
   1. He felt he should not leave his briefcase in the coffee lounge.
   2. He was sure that he may leave his briefcase in the coffee lounge.
   3. It was certain that he had not left his briefcase in the coffee lounge.
   4. He thought he had possibly left his briefcase in the coffee lounge.
6. Did Jim really lose his briefcase? Where did he find it at last?
7. What actually happened with his briefcase?
8. What did he actually lose?
9. What must have happened with the umbrella?
10. Please copy all the italicized verbs and indicate whether they express certainty, probability, or advisability.

^{Prev: Crossword 2, 8/21/11, 8:53 PM, PV 3142}

eringkali kita merasa bingung tentang penggunaan "will" dan "be going to" untuk membicarakan kejadian di masa yang akan datang (Future) dalam bahasa Inggris. Meskipun "will" dan "be going to" sama-sama dipakai untuk membicarakan kegiatan atau kejadian di waktu yang akan datang, ada situasi-situasi di mana kita harus membedakan keduanya.

1. Contoh Dialog dengan “Will” dan “be Going to”

Perhatikan penggunaan kata kerja berbentuk Future “will” dan “be going to” dalam dialog-dialog singkat berikut ini. Dialog A:
Tom: "What are you going to do with those ice cream sticks?"
Bill: "I am going to make a toy ship for my school assignment."
Tom: "Oh, great. By the way, will you come with me to a football game this afternoon?"
Bill: "Certainly, but I'll have to finish my assignment first."

Dialog B:
(Seorang manager sedang berbicara di telpon dengan seorang karyawannya)
Manager: I need the report soon. Have you finished with it?
Lisa: In a minute. I will hand it to you when it's ready.
(Setelah laporan selesai, Lisa pergi menuju kantor managernya. Dia bertemu Ita, temannya.)
Ita: Where are you going?
Lisa: I’m going to see the manager. He needs this report.

Dialog C:
(Dua orang pelajar sedang berbincang santai saat tiba-tiba langit mendung.)
Boy: It’s very cloudy. I think it’s going to rain.
Girl: I think so. It’s getting colder now.
Boy: By the way, how is Ryan? Has he recovered from his illness?
Girl: Well, there are signs of improvement. I think he’s going to recover soon. The doctor says he’s going to be all right.
Boy: I’m relieved to hear that. Hey, what about some ice cream?
Girl: I’ve been on a diet for almost a week. So, I’m not going to eat ice creams.

Apakah kalian sudah tahu apa perbedaan makna yang tersirat dari bentuk "will" dan "be going to" dalam kalimat-kalimat pada dialog di atas, serta bagaimana menggunakannya dan membedakannya? Mari kita pelajari penjelasan dan contoh-contoh di bawah ini.

2. Perbedaan Penggunaan “Will” dan “be Going to”

Berikut ini penjelasan tentang perbedaan penggunaan bentuk “will” dan “be going to”, seperti dijabarkan dalam buku "Practical English Grammar" (Thomson & Martinet).

1. Bentuk be going to menyiratkan adanya niat yang sudah direncanakan atau dipersiapkan sebelumnya, sedangkan bentuk will hanya menyiratkan niat tanpa ada rencana sebelumnya. Lihatlah contoh-contoh kalimat di bawah ini:
   
   • I have bought some bricks and I'm going to build a garage.(ada rencana & persiapan sebelumnya)
   • There is somebody at the hall door. - I'll go and open it.(niat saja tanpa ada rencana/persiapan sebelumnya)
2. Jika niat tersebut tidak diketahui secara jelas apakah sudah direncanakan sebelumnya atau tidak, bentuk going to atau will bisa digunakan tanpa ada perbedaan:
   
   • I will/am going to climb that mountain one day.
   • I won't/am not going to tell you my age.
3. "Will" digunakan untuk menyatakan tekad atau keputusan yang bulat dari orang pertama (I/we), dengan penekanan pengucapan (stress) pada kata "will":
   I will help you. = 'I definitely intend to help you'.
   Sedangkan, kalimat yang menjelaskan niat dari orang kedua (you) atau ketiga (he/she/it/they) umumnya menggunakan bentuk "be going to":
   
   • He is going to resign.
   • Are you going to leave without paying?
4. Pada kalimat negatif, "not going to" bermakna "tidak berencana/tidak bermaksud", sedangkan "won't" pada umumnya memiliki makna "menolak"
   • He won't resign = "He refuses to resign.".
   • He isn't going to resign = "He doesn't intend to resign".
5. "Be going to" digunakan untuk mengacu pada waktu yang segera/tidak lama lagi dan biasanya sudah tampak gejala/tanda-tandanya, sedangkan "will" bisa mengacu baik pada waktu yang segera maupun lebih lama lagi.
   • Look at the dark cloud! It's going to rain.
   • Rainy season is coming. It will rain a lot here.

3. Contoh Perbedaan "Will" vs "Be Going to" Sebagai Future Tense

Beberapa kalimat contoh untuk membedakan "Be Going to" dan "Will"

	Sentence	Meaning
	Dialog 1:
Santi:	We are running out of cooking gas.
Andi:	I'm going to get some today.	(sudah direncanakan sebelumnya)
	I'll get some today.	(spontan dan belum direncanakan)
	Dialog 2:
Syifa:	Where is the printed report?
Rosa:	I’ll get it for you.	(spontan dan tidak direncanakan)
	I'm going to get it.	(sudah direncanakan sebelumnya)

Ubahlah kata-kerja di dalam kurung ke dalam bentuk "be going to" atau "will". pada beberapa kalimat, kedua bentuk tersebut bisa digunakan.

1. Ida: What are you doing with that spade?
   Gani: l (plant) some cassava trees in the garden.
2. Rena: Oh, I think I've left my bag upstairs.
   Ivan: I (go) and get if for you.
   Rena: Thanks. You're very kind.
3. Priti: This is a terribly heavy box.
   Ulfa: I (help) you to carry it.
   Priti: That's very kind of you. Thanks.
4. My mom has bought some flour; she (make) a cake.
5. Vina: Why are you taking down all the pictures?
   Tasya: l (repaper) the room. I'm bored with the old look.
6. Some workmen arrived today with a roller. I think they (repair) our road.
7. Gita: Why are they carrying a saw?
   Ovy: They (cut) down the big tree behind this building.
8. Jane: Who will post these documents?
   Firda: I (do) it. I have to go to the bank and I can post it on my way there.
9. Sarah: you (lend) me your calculator?
   Wina: I'm sorry I'm still using it.
10. Umi: Do you think we have enough time to go to the station?
    Yoko: Well, if we hurry we (be) able to catch the train.
11. The project has been postponed because several land owners (not sign) the agreement.
12. Juli: Vina, we don't have any salt.
    Vina: Don't we? I (get) some from the shop nearby then.
13. Teacher: Have you decided what to do after you graduate?
    Udin: Yes, Sir. I (look) for a job and help my parents.
14. Desi: Do you have a plan for the weekend?
    Lila: Yes. I (spend) a night in Bromo with my family.
15. Satya: I don't know how to operate this camera.
    Yana: Alright, I (show) you.
16. Kiki: Have you replied the email from ABC Company?
    Linda: Oh, i'm sorry, I completely forgot. I (do) it now.
17. Sofi: What a heavy rain?
    Cita: Absolutely. I hope it (stop) soon.
18. Benny: I've got a terrible headache.
    Dika: Wait. I (get) you some medicine from the school clinic.
19. Lina: Has he arrived yet?
    Yeni: Not yet. I (inform) you when he does.
20. Nia: Do you hear that strange noise?
    Toni: Yes, I do. I think the engine (break).

Referensi:

• Azar B.S. Understanding and Using English Grammar (2nd Ed). NJ: Prentice-Hall. Inc, 1989.
• Thomson & Martinet. A Practical English Grammar (4th Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
• Swan, M. Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.

Baca juga: Prev: BSE SMK/MAK Kelas XII; 6/28/11, 9:11 PM
PV 6386

The Structure of Past Continuous Tense

Was/were + V-ingExamples:

• The wind was blowing gently.
• Some workers were repairing the road.
• Fani and I were walking along the beach.

How to Use Past Continuous Tense

1. Past continuous tense is used to talk about what was happening at a particular time in the past.
   • What were you doing yesterday at seven p.m.?
   • When she entered the room, the students were doing the assignment.
   Compare these two sentences. They refer to different situations:
   • When the guest arrived, we were still preparing dinner.
   • When the guest arrived, we prepared dinner.
2. In narratives (stories, etc.), the past continuous is often used for descriptions, and the past simple for events and actions.
   The bride was wearing a white dress and carrying a bouquet of lilies. Suddenly, a man stood up at the back of the church. He said ....
3. The past continuous is used for temporary actions and situations in the past. For longer or more permanent situations, we usually use the past simple.
   The earthquake happened while I was living in Bantul last year.
   I lived in Malang for ten years when I was a child.
4. In the expressions "I was wondering if you could/would…….., I was hoping, and I was thinking", the past continuous is used to make a request or suggestion sound more polite or less definite.
   I was wondering if you’d like to go out with me for dinner one evening.
5. The past continuous can be used to indicate a gradually developing situation.
   It was getting darker.
   The wind was rising.
6. In indirect speech, the past continuous is used as a past equivalent of the present continuous:
   He said, “She is working.” He said that she was working.
7. Just as in the present continuous, there are verbs that cannot be used in the past continuous.

A. Do this exercise. Put the verbs into the past continuous tense.

1. The children were frightened because it (get) dark.
2. He usually wears sandals but when I last saw him he (wear) boots.
3. The car had nobody in it but the engine (run).
4. Two children (play) on the sand and two fishermen (lean) against an upturned boat.
5. When I first met her she (sit) alone at the porch.
6. When I entered the library he (read) a book.
7. She (stand) at the bus stop. I asked her what bus she (wait) for.
8. I went into the garden to see what the boys (do). Ali (weed) and Eka (cut) the grass.
9. While he (learn) to drive he had five accidents.
10. While we (fish) somebody came and left this note.
11. As she (climb) the ladder it slipped sideways and she fell off it.
12. Tony didn’t eat much and said that he (try) to lose weight.
13. I couldn’t hear her because the traffic (make) a lot of noise.
14. From the sounds it was clear that someone (practice) the piano.
15. The exam had just begun and the candidates (write) their names at the top of their papers.

B. Put the verbs into the simple past or the past continuous. Click here to learn more about the differences between the simple past and the past continuous.

1. I (make) a cake when the light (go) out, so I (have) to finish it in the dark.
2. When I (arrive) the lecture had already started and the professor (write) on the overhead projector.
3. He suddenly (realize) that he (travel) in the wrong direction.
4. He (play) the guitar outside her house when someone (open) the window and (throw) out a bucket of water.
5. You (look) very busy when I (see) you last night. What you (do)?
6. To get home, he (have) to go through a field where a bad-tempered bull usually (graze).
7. This bull normally (not chase) people unless something (make) him angry.
8. Unfortunately, as he (cross) the field, his mobile phone suddenly (ring) loudly.
9. While he (water) the flowers it (begin) to rain. He (put) up his umbrella and (go) on watering.
10. I (find) this ring as I (dig) in the garden.
11. When he (arrive) at the station, his parents (wait) for him. As soon as he (see) them he (wave) his hand and (call) them.
12. The men (say) that they (work) on the road outside my house and that they (want) some water to make coffee.
13. Why you (lend) him that book? I still (read) it.
14. When I (call) the tailor yesterday he (say) that he (work) on my suit.
15. When I last (see) her she (hurry) along the road to the station. I (ask) her where she (go) and she (say), ‘Surabaya’.

^{BSESMK X 053111 0324PM 7081}

Talking about Plans and Predictions

Asking About Plans	Hiding Plans
What is your plan? What are you going to do ...? What do you intend to do ...? What are you planning to do ...?	I’ve got a particular plan. I can’t tell you now. You’ll see (later). Let’s wait and see.
Stating Plans	Predicting
My plan is .... I’m going to .... I intend to .... I’m planning to ....	Do you think ... will ...? ...will ..., I expect. You will .... It’s going to ....

Note:

The Difference between "WILL" and "BE GOING TO".

• “Will” is often used to express an unplanned and spontaneous decision.
• “Will” is usually used to indicate a future event or action with little certainty.
• “Be going to” is used to express something that is planned in the future.
• “Be going to” is also used to express something that is going to happen in the near future, or it is almost certain to happen.

See also Contrasting Future Forms: "Be Going To" VS "Will" and Perbedaan Penggunaan Bentuk WILL dengan BE GOING TO

Dialogue: Discussing Plans

Two friends are talking about their plans for the weekend.

Lina: What are you going to do this weekend, Yeni?
Yeni: I’ve got a particular plan.
Lina: What is it?
Yeni: Sorry, I can’t tell you now. You’ll see.
Lina: C’mon. What are you planning to do this weekend?
Yeni: Let’s wait and see, I told you. What about you? What’s your plan?
Lina: I think I will watch ‘Rumah Angker’. You know, that horror film.
Yeni: Well, I would watch another movie if I were you.
Lina: Really? But I like horror movies. They’re thrilling.
Yeni: Thrilling? It’s just not worth-seeing.
Lina: Why do you say so?
Yeni: I just don’t see the point of drowning ourselves in the movies about mystics and superstition when we are supposed to be more logical in this era of internet and technology.
Lina: Hey, do you think all movies should be logical? Besides, horror movies are becoming more and more popular each day.
Yeni: That's it. When a movie becomes a hit, a dozen movies with the same genre will follow. Movie producers will keep stuffing viewers with similar movies because they think people like them.
Lina: When a movie becomes popular, it means people like it. What’s wrong with that?
Yeni: Well, film makers will follow the trend. They will tend to make similar movies, very often without paying attention to quality. It will be full of ‘a flash in the pan’.
Lina: What did you say? ‘Something’ in the pan?
Yeni: A flash in the pan, something which enjoys popularity for a short time.
Lina: That’s new for me. Now, you haven't told me about your plan. What do you intend to do this weekend?
Yeni: Make a guess.
Lina: You will go swimming, I expect. You like swimming, right?
Yeni: Not this weekend. Maybe next.
Lina: You will go out of town, I suppose.
Yeni: No. This weekend is my dad's birthday, and we’re planning to give him a surprise party.
Lina: A surprise party? It must be fun.
Yeni: Certainly. I am looking forward to it.

Answer these questions.

1. What is the topic of the conversation?
2. What is the most probable relationship between the speakers?
3. What is Lina's plan for the weekend? And what is Yeni's?
4. What does Yeni think about Lina's plan?
5. Rewrite the sentences that indicate the speakers' plan.
6. Rewrite the sentences that indicate the speakers' prediction or guess.

Also read:^{BSE SMK 052111 0427 PM 8868}

Untuk meningkatkan efisiensi kalimat dan keindahan gaya bahasa, kita bisa menyingkat atau memperpendek adverb clause menjadi modifying phrase dengan menggunakan past participle (verb 3) atau present participle (verb -ing).

Bagaimana cara menyingkat Adverb clause menjadi Modifying phrase?

Untuk menyingkat adverb clause menjadi modifying phrase dengan menggunakan participle, perhatikan beberapa catatan di bawah ini:

• Subyek dalam adverb clause (anak kalimat keterangan) harus sama dengan subyek dalam main clause (kalimat induk). Jika subyek dalam adverb clause tidak sama dengan subyek dalam main clause (kalimat induk), maka adverb clause tidak dapat diubah menjadi modifying phrase. (Lihat contoh-contoh kalimat di bawah untuk lebih jelasnya.)
• Jika adverb clause berbentuk kalimat aktif (active voice), maka modifying phrase harus menggunakan present participle (verb -ing). Contoh:
  1. Because she felt upset, she didn't say a single word. (adverb clause)
     Feeling upset, she didn't say a single word. (modifying phrase)
  2. He locked the door before he left. (adverb clause)
     He locked the door before leaving. (modifying phrase)
• Jika adverb clause berbentuk kalimat pasif (passive voice), maka modifying phrase harus menggunakan past participle (verb 3). Contoh:
  1. Because he was trained by a professional coach, he soon learnt much about difficult techniques. (adverb clause)
     Trained by a professional coach, he soon learnt much about difficult techniques. (modifying phrase)
  2. When the door is opened, it squeaks. (adverb clause)
     When opened, the door squeaks. (modifying phrase)

Apa saja fungsi modifying phrase?

1. Menyingkat time clause (klausa keterangan waktu). Time clause biasanya ditandai dengan adanya kata after, before, while, when, as, since. Di sini, modifying phrase memiliki makna “during the same time; while”. Contoh:
   • Since she moved to this country, she has made many friends.
     Since moving to this country, she has made many friends.
   • Before you do the test, read the instructions carefully.
     Before doing the test, read the instructions carefully.
   • While he was watching a film last night, he fell asleep.
     While watching a film last night, he fell asleep.
2. Menyingkat adverb clause “cause and effect” (sebab akibat), umumnya ditandai dengan "because, since, as". Di sini, modifying phrase memiliki makna adanya “cause and effect relationship; because”. Contoh:
   • Because she needed money to support her children, she had to work.
     Needing money to support her children, she had to work.
   • Because I have seen the movie before, I don’t want to go again.
     Having seen the movie before, I don’t want to go again.
   • Because I had seen the movie before, I didn’t want to go again.
     Having seen the movie before, I didn’t want to go again.
   • Because Anne could not see clearly from the back row, she moved to the front row.
     Not (being) able to see clearly from the back row, Anne moved to the front row.

A. Garis bawahi semua modifying phrase dan pilihlah makna yang sesuai ("while" atau "because") seperti pada contoh nomer 1.

1. Sitting on the white sand, she enjoyed the amazing beauty of the sunset at the beach. (while/because)
2. Unable to afford a car, she bought a motorcycle. (while/because)
3. While living here, she made many friends. (while/because)
4. Not wanting to disappoint her, he decided to say nothing about it. (while/because)
5. Standing in front of the house, I realized how much it had changed. (while/because)
6. Pointing to the sentence on the board, the teacher explained the meaning of modifying phrases. (while/because)

B. Ubahlah adverb clause dalam kalimat-kalimat berikut menjadi modifying phrase.

1. Before I came to class, I had a cup of tea.
2. After she had completed her work, she submitted it to the teacher.
3. Because he didn’t want to wake everybody up, he tried not to make much noise.
4. Because he had run a red traffic light, he got a ticket and had to pay a fine.
5. After I had read the explanation twice, I finally understood the theory.
6. While I was reading the paper this morning, I saw an article on global warming.
7. Because they were unable to send their children to school, they let them work at an early age.
8. Before he became a teacher, he worked for a garment manufacturer and exporter in Surabaya.
9. While I was sitting at the quiet beach, I felt united with the nature.
10. Because she had never seen an active volcano before, she never stopped admiring the beauty of Bromo.

C. Gabunglah kedua kalimat di setiap nomer dengan menjadikan kalimat pertama sebagai modifying phrase.

1. I did not want to be late again. I left very early this morning.
2. She thought she would never learn to play the piano. She stopped taking lessons.
3. The student checked his answers. He found he had made many mistakes.
4. I wanted to finish the work in time. I had to work late last night.
5. They were exhausted. They stopped to rest under a very shady tree.
6. She had just recovered from her illness. She had to stay home during the weekend.
7. The child played computer games too much. He got an eye irritation.
8. Many housewives develop the habit of watching TV in the morning. They become less productive.
9. The students did not understand the lesson. They asked the teacher to repeat the explanation.
10. He wants to save some money every month. He has decided to cook his own meals.
11. She could not tolerate the noise. She tapped her fingers loudly on the table.
12. I was bored. I went out for a walk to the park last night.
13. The snake felt threatened. It started hissing and spitting at the cat.
14. The building was being renovated. It was closed for visitors.
15. The little boy felt the unbearable pain. He never stopped crying.

^{BSE SMA Kelas XI 052011 0558 AM 17661}