Mister Guru

I. Apakah "Direct Speech" dan "Indirect Speech / Reported Speech"?

alam bahasa Inggris, untuk menceritakan kembali atau mengutip perkataan dan pemikiran seseorang, kita bisa melakukannya dengan 2 (dua) cara, yaitu:

1. Menggunakan kalimat langsung (direct speech), yaitu dengan mengulang atau menggunakan kata-kata aslinya dengan menggunakan tanda kutip (‘....’ atau “....”) dalam penulisannya. Contoh:
   • He said, “I have seen the movie before”.
   • I thought, “he needs to improve his English."
   • “The mission,” he stated, "will be difficult to accomplish.”
   • “I think so,” replied Tom.
2. Menggunakan kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech / reported speech), yaitu menyampaikan isi makna atau gagasan secara tepat tanpa menggunakan atau mengutip kata-kata aslinya. Contoh:
   • He said that he had seen the movie before.
   • I thought that he needed to improve his English.
   • He stated that the mission would be difficult to accomplish.
   Catatan: Kata-kata seperti "yes", "no", "well", serta kata seru dan question-tags, tidak bisa digunakan pada kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech / reported speech). Contoh:
   • “Yes, I think so,” he said. “It’s difficult, isn’t it? (direct speech)
   • He agreed and said that it was difficult. (indirect speech / reported speech)

II. Bagaimana cara mengubah "Direct Speech" menjadi "Indirect Speech / Reported Speech"?

Untuk mengubah "direct speech" menjadi "indirect speech / reported speech", ada beberapa perubahan atau penyesuaian yang harus dilakukan, terutama jika kata kerja untuk melaporkan (reporting verb) ada dalam bentuk lampau (past), contoh; "said", "wondered", "thought", "told", dll). Agar lebih mudah dipelajari, berikut ini contoh-contoh perubahan kalimat langsung (direct speech) menjadi kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech / reported speech) yang disajikan dalam tabel.

2.A. Kalimat pernyataan (positive & negative statement)

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT / REPORTED SPEECH
SIMPLE PRESENT “I never travel by train,” he explained.	SIMPLE PAST He explained that he never traveled by train.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS “I’m cleaning my room,” she said.	PAST CONTINUOUS She said (that) she was cleaning her room.
PRESENT PERFECT “We have found a key,” they said.	PAST PERFECT They said (that) they had found a key.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS He said, “I’ve been working hard.”	PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS He said he had been working hard.
SIMPLE PAST ‘I took it home with me,’ she said.	PAST PERFECT She said she had taken it home with her.
PAST CONTINUOUS ‘When I saw her she was eating,’ he said. ‘I was doing my job,’ he said.	PAST CONTINUOUS He said (that) when he saw her she was eating. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS He said (that) he had been doing his job.
FUTURE She said, ‘I will send it by email.”	CONDITIONAL She said she would send it by email.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS ‘I’ll be meeting him soon,’ she said.	CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS She said she’d be meeting him soon.
CONDITIONAL I said, ‘I would like to see it.’	CONDITIONAL (No Change) I said (that) I would like to see it.

2. B. Kalimat tanya (question / interrogative)

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT / REPORTED SPEECH
SIMPLE PRESENT “Where does she live?” he said.	SIMPLE PAST He asked where she lived.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS “Where is he going?” she said.	PAST CONTINUOUS She asked where he was going.
PRESENT PERFECT “Have you found a flat?” he said.	PAST PERFECT He asked if/whether I had found a flat.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS He said, “How long have you been waiting?”	PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS He asked how long I had been waiting.
SIMPLE PAST ‘Did you live in a house or a dorm?’ she asked.	PAST PERFECT She asked whether I’d lived in a house or a dorm.
PAST CONTINUOUS ‘Was she studying or not?’ he asked. ‘Were you joking about the price?’ he said.	PAST CONTINUOUS He asked whether or not she was studying. He asked whether she was studying or not. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS He asked if I had been joking about the price.
FUTURE He asked, ‘If you pass will you move to Bali?”	CONDITIONAL He asked whether, if I passed, I’d move to Bali.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS ‘Will you be using it on the 7th?’ she asked.	CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS She asked if I would be using it on the 7th.
CONDITIONAL He said, ‘Would she accept it?’	CONDITIONAL (No Change) He asked if she would accept it.

2. C. Kalimat permintaan / perintah, penawaran, saran (request, offer, suggestion)

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT / REPORTED SPEECH
Kalimat permintaan (request)
“Will/would you file these letters, please?” I said.	I asked/told him to file the letters.
“Could I see her, please?” he said.	He asked to see her.
He said, “Lie down, Tom.”	He asked Tom to lie down.
“Don’t swim out too far, boys,” I said.	I warned/told the boys not to swim out too far.
‘Don’t be late,’ said the teacher.	The teacher asked not to be late.
Kalimat penawaran (offer)
“Would you like a lift?” said Ann.	Ann offered me a lift.
Nasehat / saran (suggestion / advice)
‘Let’s leave the case here,’ he said.	He suggested leaving the case there. He suggested that they leave the case there. (US) He suggested that they should leave the case there. (GB)

Ubahlah kalimat-kalimat langsung (direct speech) berikut ini menjadi kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech / reported speech).

1. He said, "I want to go home."
2. "I have finished the report," Jim said.
3. Mary asked me, "Can you speak Spanish?"
4. I told him, "Please show me your ID card."
5. She said, "I am making a new dress."
6. "Where did you find the information?" I asked her.
7. He told her, "Please finish the story."
8. "Can you find the documents?" she asked.
9. Dad said, "You should knock at the door before coming in."
10. "Don't shout!" said the teacher.
11. "Do you remember the number?" the policeman asked.
12. She said, "Would you like some coffee?"
13. "Do you play badminton?" he asked her.
14. He said, "I don't intend to go to town today."
15. "Don't use too much paint on the front gate," he said.
16. "Let's wash these clothes," they said.
17. "Where did the accident happen?" she asked him.
18. She asked the gardener, "How often do you water the flowers?"
19. The teacher said, "We will announce the exam result soon."
20. He explained, "They are going to discuss the proposal at the next meeting."

^{English Crossword Puzzle, 082011 11.23 PM 5296}

A. Read and practice this dialogue.

Hadi:	Hello, Margaret!
Margaret:	Hello, Hadi! You don't seem very happy today. What's the matter?
Hadi:	I don't feel very happy.
Margaret:	Why don't you feel happy?
Hadi:	Because I'm thinking of my exam tomorrow.
Margaret:	Oh! Don't you like exams?
Hadi:	No, I don't.
Margaret:	Do you think you will pass?
Hadi:	Well, I want to pass, of course, but I think I will fail.
Margaret:	Oh no, Hadi! You always work very hard, and I'm sure you know your work very well.
Hadi:	But I don't, Margaret! I don't remember it now!
Margaret:	Well, perhaps you will remember it tomorrow.
Hadi:	Yes, perhaps.
Margaret:	What does your exam consist of, Hadi?
Hadi:	It consists of a written paper, and an oral exam.
Margaret:	Well, good luck to you!
Hadi:	Thank you, Margaret.
	The following day, Margaret meets Hadi after his exam.
Margaret:	Hello, Hadi!
Hadi:	Hello, Margaret!
Margaret:	Well! You seem different today. You seem happy again.
Hadi:	Oh yes, Margaret. I feel very happy!
Margaret:	The exam - ?
Hadi:	Oh, I think that perhaps I will pass.
Margaret:	That's wonderful, Hadi!
Hadi:	Margaret, your exam is this afternoon. How do you feel? Do you feel confident?
Margaret:	No, I don't.
Hadi:	Oh, I don't believe you, Margaret! I feel that you will pass.
Margaret:	I hope so, Hadi.
Hadi:	Well, good luck, Margaret!
Margaret:	Thank you!

(Adapted from: Radio Australia: English For You, Lesson no. 14)

1. What is the topic of the above conversation?
2. Where does the conversation probably take place?
3. What is the most probable relationship between the speakers?
4. At first, how does Hadi feel about his exam? Why?
5. What does Margaret say about it? Why?
6. How does Hadi seem on the following day? Why?
7. How does Margaret feel about her exam?
8. What does Hadi say about it?
9. Please rewrite the sentences that express doubt or uncertainty.
10. Please rewrite the sentences that express confidence and hope.
11. In Simple Present Tense: Form, Uses, & Exercise, we have learnt about the verbs that cannot be used in continuous tenses. Can you find them in the above dialogue? Please rewrite them.

^{072211 06:57 PM 2316}

Simple Present tense, ada juga yang menyebutnya Present Simple tense, adalah bentuk kata kerja yang sangat sering digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris di samping Simple Past tense. Simple Present tense digunakan untuk membicarakan kejadian-kejadian yang terjadi sebagai rutinitas, fakta yang umum, sampai dengan kata kerja yang berkaitan dengan perasaan, panca indera, dll. Selengkapnya, mari kita pelajari semuanya di sini, baik tentang bentuk hingga penggunaan Simple Present tense.

1. Bagaimana bentuk kata kerja "Simple Present Tense"?

da beberapa hal yang harus diingat tentang kalimat dengan bentuk "Simple Present Tense", apakah itu kalimat dengan kata kerja utama (main verb) atau dengan kata kerja (verb) "be". Untuk lebih jelasnya, perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimat dalam tabel di bawah ini.

Simple Present dengan main verb

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative	Negative interrogative
I work	I do not work I don't work	do I work?	do I not work? don't I work?
we work	we do not work we don't work	do we work?	do we not work? don't we work?
you work	you do not work you don't work	do you work?	do you not work? don't you work?
they work	they do not work they don't work	do they work?	do they not work? don't they work?
he works	he does not work he doesn't work	does he work?	does he not work? doesn't he work?
she works	she does not work she doesn't work	does she work?	does she not work? doesn't she work?
it works	it does not work it doesn't work	does it work?	does it not work? doesn't it work?

Simple Present dengan kata kerja (verb) "be"

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative	Negative interrogative
I am tall	I am not tall	am I tall?	am I not tall?
we are tall	we are not tall we aren't tall	are we tall?	are we not tall? aren't we tall?
you are tall	you are not tall you aren't tall	are you tall?	are you not tall? aren't you tall?
they are tall	they are not tall they aren't tall	are they tall?	are they not tall? aren't they tall?
he is tall	he is not tall he isn't tall	is he tall?	is he not tall? isn't he tall?
she is tall	she is not tall she isn't tall	is she tall?	is she not tall? isn't she tall?
it is tall	it is not tall it isn't tall	is it tall?	is it not tall? isn't it tall?

2. Kapan harus menggunakan "Simple Present Tense"?

Penggunaan simple present tense yang paling utama adalah untuk:

1. Membicarakan rutinitas/kebiasaan di masa sekarang. Karena itu, simple present tense seringkali digunakan bersama kata keterangan (adverbs) atau frasa keterangan (adverb phrase) seperti: always, never, occasionally, often, sometimes, usually, every day, every week, on Mondays, twice a year dll, atau dengan anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai keterangan waktu (time clause) biasanya didahului dengan "whenever" atau "when".
   Contoh:
   • Ida practices English every day.
   • He doesn't smoke.
   • She works in a bank.
   • How often do you wash your hair?
   • Whenever it rains the roof leaks.
   Kalimat-kalimat contoh di atas tidak membicarakan kegiatan yang sedang dilakukan, melainkan hal-hal yang terjadi setiap saat dan menjadi rutinitas / kebiasaan.
2. Membicarakan fakta atau kejadian yang umum.
   Contoh:
   • Cows eat grass.
   • The sun rises in the east.
   • A day consists of twenty four hours.
   Kalimat-kalimat contoh di atas membicarakan hal-hal yang bersifat umum atau fakta yang diakui kebenarannya oleh semua orang.
3. Dengan kata kerja (verb) be, simple present tense juga dapat membicarakan keadaan sekarang, maupun kondisi umum.
   Contoh:
   • Reza is not at home.
   • You are right.
   • I am happy.
   • Gold is expensive.
   • The ocean is deep.
4. Dengan kata kerja yang tidak dapat digunakan dalam bentuk continuous, yaitu:
   1. Kata kerja yang berkaitan dengan panca indera
      Misal: feel, hear, see, smell, look, taste.
      Contoh:
      • This food tastes delicious.
      • You look gorgeous in that red dress.
      • Do you hear that noise?
   2. Kata kerja tentang perasaan,
      Misal: admire, adore, appreciate, care for, desire, detest, dislike, fear, hate, like, loathe, love, mind, respect, value, want, wish.
      Contoh:
      • I always admire Balinese dances.
      • Do you mind if I use your phone?
      • I don't want to be late for work on my first day at the office.
   3. Kata kerja tentang aktifitas mental,
      Misal: agree, appreciate, assume, believe, expect, feel, forget, know, mean, perceive, realize, recall, recognize, recollect, remember, suppose, think, trust, understand.
      Contoh:
      • I agree with you.
      • Do you know what I think about this food?
      • I don't understand what you mean.
   4. Kata kerja tentang kepemilikan,
      Misal: belong, owe, own, possess.
      Contoh:
      • How much do I owe you?
      • The book belongs to me. It's mine.
   5. Kata kerja yang berfungsi hampir sama dengan kata kerja bantu (auxilliary),
      Misal: appear, concern, consist, contain, hold (= contain) keep (= continue), matter, seem, signify, sound.
      Contoh:
      • It doesn't matter to me.
      • That box contains explosives.

Selain penggunaan yang paling umum di atas, simple present tense juga bisa digunakan dalam beberapa kondisi lainnya seperti:

1. Dengan kata kerja "say", jika kita bertanya atau mengutip dari buku, rambu / tanda.
   Contoh:
   • What does that notice say?
     It says, 'No parking.'
   • What does the manual say?
     It says, 'Follow every steps in assembling the parts.'
   • Soekarno says, 'Give me 10 young men, I will shake the world.'
2. DIgunakan pada judul surat kabar (headline).
   Contoh:
   • COVID-19: INDONESIA EXPANDS BAN
   • GOVT REMOVES PRICE FLOOR FOR UNSUBSIDIZED FUELS
3. Dalam narasi drama, komentar olah raga, dll.
   Contoh:
   • When the curtain rises, Juliet is writing at her desk. Suddenly the window opens and a masked man enters.
4. Untuk rencana / jadwal perjalanan.
   Contoh:
   • We leave Surabaya at 7.00 next Tuesday and arrive in Mataram at 10.00. We spend a night in Mataram and leave for Gili Trawangan at 9.00 on Wednesday.
5. Dalam conditional sentence type 1.
   Contoh:
   • If I see Udin I'll tell him.
   • If you pull the handbrake the car won't move.
6. Dengan "why" dalam bentuk negative question untuk memberikan saran.
   Contoh:
   • Why don't we go out?
   • Why don't you talk to him about the problem?

I. Buatlah kalimat dalam Simple Present Tense bentuk affirmative, negative, dan question menggunakan subyek dan kata kerja yang telah disediakan. Lihatlah tabel Simple Present dengan action verb

1. He - like - Padang food.
   (+) Affirmative:
   (-) Negative:
   (?) Interrogative:
2. They - work - in the factory.
   (+) Affirmative:
   (-) Negative:
   (?) Interrogative:
3. The bus - leave - at seven fifteen.
   (+) Affirmative:
   (-) Negative:
   (?) Interrogative:
4. She - know - this place well.
   (+) Affirmative:
   (-) Negative:
   (?) Interrogative:
5. It - say - "No Parking".
   (+) Affirmative:
   (-) Negative:
   (?) Interrogative:

II. Lengkapilah kalimat-kalimat berikut dengan kata kerja di bawah ini. Sesuaikan bentuk kata kerja dengan subyek kalimat. Lihat contoh jawaban pada nomer 1.

---

---

1. Rani ... Japanese very well.
   Jawaban: Rani speaks Japanese very well.
2. The museum ... at 4 o’clock on Sundays.
3. The news program ... at five P.M. every day.
4. Koko and Adi ... to the same school.
5. The Olympic Games ... place every four years.
6. My parents ... in a small town.
7. They ... working at five PM every day.
8. Bad driving ... many accidents.
9. A notice at the end of the road ... people not to go any further.
10. As soon as he ... any money he will spend it.

III. Ubahlah kata kerja (verb) di dalam kurung ke dalam bentuk yang benar. Lihat contoh jawaban pada nomer 1.

1. Shella ... (not / drink)... coffee very often.
   Jawaban: Shella doesn’t drink coffee very often.
2. What time ...(the banks / close)... here?
3. I have a car, but I ...(not / use)... it much.
4. Where ...(the new teacher / come)... from?
5. ‘What ...(you / do)...?’ ~ ‘I’m an electrician.’
6. Look at this sentence. What ...(this word / mean)...?
7. David isn’t very fit. He ...(not / do)... any sport.
8. It ...(take)... me an hour to get to work in the morning. How long ...(it / take)... you?
9. ...(you / play)... football? ~ Yes, sometimes.
10. ...(you / work)... at night? ~ No, we ...(not)....

IV. Lengkapi kalimat-kalimat berikut dengan salah satu kata kerja di bawah ini. Bentuklah menjadi kalimat negatif jika perlu. Lihat contoh pada nomer 1 & 2.

---

---

1. The earth ... round the sun.
   Jawaban: The earth goes round the sun.
2. Rice ... in cold climates.
   Jawaban: Rice doesn’t grow in cold climates.
3. Bees ... honey.
4. Vegetarians ... meat.
5. An atheist ... in God.
6. An interpreter ... from one language into another.
7. Liars are people who ... the truth.
8. The River Amazon ... into the Atlantic Ocean.
9. He is a taxi driver. He ... a bus.
10. The restaurant is one of my favorites. It ... good food.

V. Lengkapilah kalimat-kalimat berikut ini dengan menggunakan kata-kata di bawah ini. Lihat contoh soal nomer 1.

---

---

1. Mr Evans is not in the office today. ... you try calling him tomorrow.
   Mr Evans is not in the office today. I suggest you try calling him tomorrow.
2. I won’t tell anybody what you said. ....
3. You must let me enter the room. ....
4. ... for what I said. I shouldn’t have said it.
5. The new restaurant in Baker Street is very good. ... it.
6. I think you’re absolutely right. ... with you.

Reference:

• Thomson & Martinet. A Practical English Grammar (4th Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
• Murphy, Raymond. English Grammar in Use, Fourth Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

^{8211 4:46 PM 1471}

entuk kata kerja "Used to + Infinitive" dan "be used to + noun/gerund" dalam bahasa Inggris sangat sering disalah-artikan. Keduanya dianggap sama dengan kata kerja "use" yang berarti "memakai", "menggunakan", atau "memanfaatkan". Padahal ketiganya sangat berbeda, tidak saja dari segi bentuk, tapi juga yang terpenting makna dan penggunaannya. Untuk lebih jelasnya, mari kita pelajari di sini mulai dari bentuk hingga makna dan penggunaannya.

1. Bentuk "Used To" dan "Be Used To"

Used to + Infinitive (Verb 1)	Be/Get Used to + Noun/Pronoun/Gerund
Kalimat positif/afirmatif: She used to live in Tokyo.	Kalimat positif/afirmatif: She is used to living in a big city. She gets used to living in a big city.
Kalimat negatif: She did not (didn't) use to live in Tokyo. atau She used not (usedn't) to live in Tokyo.	Kalimat negatif: She is not (isn't) used to living in a big city. She does not (doesn't) get used to living in a big city.
Kalimat tanya/Interogatif: Did she use to live in Tokyo? Used she to live in Tokyo?	Kalimat tanya/Interogatif: Is she used to living in a big city? Does she get used to living in a big city?

2. Penggunaan "Used To" dan "Be Used To"

Used + to Infinitive (Verb 1)	Be/Get Used to + Noun/Pronoun/Gerund
"Used to" berfungsi sebagai verb (kata kerja), seperti modals, diikuti oleh Infinitive (verb 1)	"Be used to" berfungsi sebagai adjective (kata sifat), didahului oleh "be/get/become", lalu diikuti Noun/Pronoun/Gerund.
"Used to" adalah bentuk lampau, tidak memiliki bentuk "present" (sekarang).	"Be", "Get", atau "Become" bisa dalam tense (bentuk waktu) apapun, past, present, atau future.
"Used to" digunakan untuk membicarakan kebiasaan lampau atau situasi lampau yang sudah tidak dilakukan lagi sekarang, dan berbeda dengan kebiasaan atau kondisi sekarang. Contoh: She used to live in Tokyo; now she lives in Osaka. He used to dislike spicy food but he quite likes it now. "Used to" bisa memiliki kesamaan dengan "would", untuk membicarakan kebiasaan/situasi lampau, tanpa membandingkan dengan kebiasaan/kondisi sekarang. Contoh kalimat: When I was a little boy, I used to play traditional games with my friends. After school, we used to spend our afternoon playing kites near a rice field.	Sebagai kata sifat (adjective), used to bermakna 'terbiasa' atau 'accustomed'. Contoh kalimat: I am used to noise. I am used to working in a noisy room. You will soon get used to automatic transmission. You will soon get used to driving with automatic transmission. They soon got used to the traffic regulations. They soon got used to driving on the left.

3. Contoh kalimat yang menggunakan "Used to" dan "Be used to"

• I used to drink a lot of cold drinks; now I prefer warm pure water.
• Every morning Andi used to say goodbye to his mother before leaving for school.
• Her mother used to stand at the door and wave goodbye.
• In the afternoon she used to welcome him home and ask him about his day.
• I am used to cold weather. I used to live in a snowy country before, so the cold doesn't bother me at all.
• I'm used to eating rice for my meals, so I find these lunches rather unsatisfying.
• Sari doesn’t travel much these days. She prefers to stay at home. But she used to travel a lot. She used to go away two or three times a year.
• I used to play table tennis a lot, but I don’t play very much now.
• I bought some new shoes..They felt a little strange at first because I wasn’t used to them.
• I wouldn’t like to share a room. I’m used to living alone.

I. Lengkapi kalimat-kalimat berikut dengan "used to + verb (kata kerja)" yang sesuai. Lihat contoh nomer 1.

1. Hari ...(travel)... a lot, but he doesn’t go away much these days.
   Hari used to travel a lot, but he doesn’t go away much these days.
2. Sophie ...(ride)... a motorbike, but last year she sold it and bought a car.
3. Our friends moved to Malang a few years ago. They ...(live)... in Probolinggo.
4. Before the existence of internet, people ...(send)... letters by mail.
5. I rarely eat ice cream now, but I ...(eat)... it when I was a child.

II. Lengkapi kalimat-kalimat berikut dengan "be/get used to + verb (kata kerja)" yang sesuai. Lihat contoh nomer 1.

1. I’m not lonely. I don’t need other people. I ...(be)... on my own.
   I’m not lonely. I don’t need other people. I am used to being on my own.
2. I don’t feel good. I stayed up until 3 am. I ...(not - go)... to bed so late.
3. If you work as a receptionist, you’ll have to ...(meet)... new people.
4. My feet hurt. I can’t go any further. I ...(not - walk)... so far.
5. I like this part of town. I’ve been here a long time, so I ...(be)... here.

III. Pilihlah jawaban yang paling tepat, "used to" atau "be/get used to".

1. This building is now abandoned. It ... be a cinema.
   1. was used to
   2. used to
2. I ... living alone. It’s not a problem for me because I’ve lived alone for some time.
   1. am used to
   2. used to
3. I ... think Mark was unfriendly, but now I realise he’s a very nice person.
   1. used to
   2. was used to
4. I’ve started drinking coffee recently. I never ... like it before.
   1. got used to
   2. used to
5. Lisa ... have very long hair when she was a child.
   1. was used to
   2. used to
6. Susan ... spend a lot of money on clothes. These days she can’t afford it.
   1. was used to
   2. used to
7. We ... live in a small village, but now we live in a city.
   1. was used to
   2. used to
8. There ... be four cinemas in the town. Now there is only one.
   1. was used to
   2. used to
9. Gita: "Do you go to the cinema much?"
   Iva: "Not now, but I ...."
   1. was used to
   2. used to
10. ... eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?
    1. Did you get used to
    2. Did you use to

IV. Lengkapi kalimat-kalimat berikut dengan bentuk "used to + infinitive" atau "be/get used to + noun/pronoun/gerund"

1. Our new apartment is on a busy street. It’s very disturbing because we ...(not - live) ... in a noisy environment.
2. It only takes me about 40 minutes to get to work now that the new highway is open. It ...(take)... more than an hour.
3. Sarah is a nurse. A year ago she started working nights. At first it was hard for her as she ...(not - work)... nights.
4. There ...(be)... a hotel near the airport, but it closed a long time ago.
5. I ...(work)... in a factory. I decided to quit because I wanted to be a teacher.
6. Lisa comes from the United States. When she first drove a car in Indonesia, driving was a problem for her because she ...(not - drive)... on the left.
7. Friend: Wouldn’t you prefer to sleep in a bed?
   You: No, it's OK. I ...(sleep)... on the floor. It's my habit.
8. There was a river near my house where I ...(go)... fishing with my Dad when I was a child.
9. What games ...(you - play)... when you were a child?
10. Jack has to drive two hours to work every morning. Many years ago, when he first had to do this, it was hard for him and he didn’t like it because he ...(not - drive)... that long every morning.
11. In your last job, how many hours a day ...(you - spend)... to work?
12. Dani moved from a big house to a much smaller one. He found it strange at first. He had to ...(live)... in a much smaller house.
13. I ...(run)... ten kilometers, but I can’t run that far now.
14. These days I eat more than before. I ...(not - eat)... much.
15. Helen has a new job. She has to get up much earlier now than before. She finds this difficult because she ...(not - get)... up so early.

Reference:

• Raymond Murphy. English Grammar in Use (5th Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019
• Thomson & Martinet. A Practical English Grammar (4th Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986

^{BSE SMK 6211 4:53 AM 1655}

LISTENING SECTION

1. 
   A
   B
   C
   D
2. 
   A
   B
   C
   D
3. 
   A
   B
   C
   D
4. Choose the best answer
5. Choose the best answer
6. Choose the best answer
7. Choose the best answer
8. What is the speaker talking about?
   1. The assembly procedure of a motorcycle
   2. The reparation of old motorcycles
   3. The basic functions of a standing fan
   4. The installation of a standing fan
9. What can you conclude from the conversation?
   1. Rahmat sat beside Saidah
   2. Saidah enjoyed Rahmat’s company
   3. Rahmat became Saidah’s best friend
   4. Rahmat met Saidah for the first time
10. Who is most likely to be interested in visiting the place?
    1. Everybody who likes water parks
    2. Someone who like snorkeling
    3. Everybody who likes playing in the beach
    4. All people who like snowboarding
11. What does the student want to be?
    1. He wants to complete his plans
    2. He wants to be a worker
    3. He wants to be a mechanic
    4. He wants to complete his studies
12. Why did she not enjoy the flight?
    1. She slept during the flight
    2. It was long and uncomfortable
    3. She read a book on the plane
    4. She was traveling alone
13. What should you do after all the parts are laid on the floor?
    1. Set up the pole on the base of the stand
    2. Install the motor to the pole
    3. Drill the grooves for the screws
    4. Wire the three blades of the fan
14. What is being discussed?
    1. Someone’s arrangements
    2. Someone’s secret file
    3. A new trip to Manila
    4. An office deadline
15. What is the speaker talking about?
    1. The assembly procedure of motorcycle
    2. The reparation of old motorcycle
    3. The basic functions of a standing fan
    4. The installation of a standing fan

READING SECTION

Read the following text to answer questions number 16-18Ratu Boko is an archaeological site known to modern Javanese as Kraton Ratu Boko or Ratu Boko’s Palace. Ratu Boko is located on a plateau, about 3 kilometers south of Roro Jonggrang Prambanan Temple complex in Yogyakarta. The local inhabitants name this site after King Boko, the legendary king mentioned in Roro Jonggrang folklore. In Javanese, Ratu Boko means “Stork Queen”. In striking contrast to other classic-period sites in Central Java and Yogyakarta, which are ramains of temples, Ratu Boko displays attributes of an occupation or settlement site, although its precise function is unknown. Probably the site was a palace complex which belonged to the kings of Syailendra or Mataram Kingdom that also built temples scattered across the Prambanan temples. It is based on the fact that this complex is not a temple nor building with religious nature, but a fortified palace instead, which is evidence of a remnant of fortified walls and the dry moat of defensive structures. Ratu Boko stands 196 meters above sea level and covers an area of 250.000 square meters. It is divided into four parts, the central, the west, the southeast and the east. The central section of the compound consists of the main gates, a crematorium temple, a pool, a stone pedestal, and the paseban (an audience hall). The southeast part covers the pendopo (the attached open pavilion), a balai-balai (a public hall or building), 3 miniature temples, a pool and a walled compound popularly named by locals as kaputren (women’s quarter).

16. What information do the readers get after reading the text?
    1. The description of an archaeological complex
    2. The explanation of a compound of temples
    3. The manufacture of a religious temple
    4. The story of a sacred historical site
17. Where is the site of the Paseban of Ratu Boko?
    1. Among the crematorium temple, the pool, and the stone pedestal
    2. Behind the stone pedestal and women’s quarter
    3. Next to the audience hall and the public hall
    4. Between the pendopo and the pool
18. “... nor building which religious nature but a fortified palace instead ...” (paragraph 2)
    The underlined word in the sentence has the closest meaning to ....
    1. Protected
    2. Exposed
    3. Attacked
    4. Explosive

Read the following invitation to answer questions number 19-21In celebrating the 20th Anniversary of Indonesian Education Foundation, the Board of Directors of Indonesian Educational Foundation would like to invite Mr. Rahmad Riyadi and the Staffs in the Financial Department of the Indonesian Educational Foundation to attend the Charity Dinner and Traditional Dance Performance. The dance will be performed by students of senior high schools (SMA) and vocational high schools (SMK) on Saturday, 23rd August 2018 at 6 p.m. at the Sultan Hotel Ball Room. Proceeds will be given to some local public schools for educational fund. R.S.V.P. Edo (0812 7239 0352/edo@mygmail.com) Dress Code : Batik

19. What position does Mr. Rahmad Riyadi most likely hold?
    1. The principal of a vocational high school
    2. A top manager of the Indonesian Educational Foundation
    3. The head of the Indonesian Educational Foundation
    4. The head of the Financial Department
20. If he is interested in attending the event, Mr. Rahmad Riyadi most probably will immediately ....
    1. Ask his staff to prepare for his attendance
    2. Contact Edo for confirmation
    3. Prepare charity fund
    4. Wear batik clothes
21. The word ‘proceeds’ in the above invitation most likely means ....
    1. Charity
    2. Supply
    3. Donation
    4. Contribution

Read the following announcement to answer questions number 22-24ATTENTION Due to the commemoration of the Independence Day next week, the head of the office requires doctors, dentists, nurses, and administrative staff to wear Indonesian traditional clothes. The flag ceremony will be held in the yard next to the auditorium at 7.00 am. Please be on time. There will be refreshments and entertainment afterwards. If you would like to participate in the performance to show your talent in dancing, singing, choir, poetry reading, stand-up comedy, and the likes, please contact the committee. The whole program will last in two hours and the health service for public is supposed to start soon, except for emergency situations.

22. What is the text mainly about?
    1. The flag ceremony in the auditorium
    2. The regulation of Indonesian Independence Day
    3. The staff participation in a stage performance
    4. The cancellation of all public health service
23. Where can you find the above announcement?
    1. In a government office
    2. In a health insurance office
    3. In a public health center
    4. In a dental clinic
24. What can we conclude from the text?
    1. If there is an emergency call, the person in charge will handle it.
    2. To perform their talents, the staff should wear Indonesian traditional clothes.
    3. If the staff wear traditional clothes, they can attend the ceremony.
    4. If the events last more than two hours, the public must wait patiently

Read the following text to answer questions number 25-27After her husband had gone to work, Mrs Richards sent her children to school and went upstairs to her bedroom. She was very excited to do any housework that morning for in the evening she would be going to a fancy party with her husband. She intended to dress up as a ghost and as she had made her costume the night before, she was impatient to try it on. Mrs Richards went down stairs. She wanted to find out whether it would be comfortable to wear. Just as Mrs. Richards was entering the dining-room, there was a knock on the front door. She knew that it must be the baker. She had told him to come straight in case she failed to open the door and to leave the bread on the kitchen table. Not wanting to frighten the poor man. Mrs Richards quickly hid in the small store room under the stairs. She heard the front door open and heavy footsteps in the hall. Suddenly the door of the store room was opened and a man entered. Mrs Richards realized that it must be the man from the Electricity Board who had come to read the meter. She tried to explain the situation, saying “It’s only me”, but it was to late. The man let out a cry and jumped back several paces. When Mrs Richards walked towards him, he fled, slamming the door behind him.

25. What is the role of the writer in the text?
    1. Someone who called the store owner
    2. Someone who pretended to be a ghost
    3. The person who did all the housework
    4. The person who retold someone’s experience
26. Which of the following can be considered the funny part of the text?
    1. Mrs Richards hid under the stairs.
    2. Mrs Richards dressed up like a ghost.
    3. The man fled and slammed the door.
    4. The man thought that Mrs Richards was a ghost.
27. “She had told him to come straight in ....” (paragraph 2).
    The underlined word refers to ....
    1. the ghost
    2. the baker
    3. Mrs Richards’ husband
    4. the Electricity Board man

Read the following news item to answer questions number 28-30Iqbal who worked for the Riau office of the Religious Affairs Ministry, passed away on Monday en route to a local hospital. Iqbal, who suffered from asthma, returned home early that day due to severe breathing problems. He could not breathe and his face was pale. “I hugged him and he hugged me back. He laid down and then was silent,” Iqbal’s father, Hasan Amal, said as quoted by Antara news agency on Wednesday. Over the past few months, air pollution from fires on peat land and plantations has severely affected several regions in Sumatra and Kalimantan, particulary Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, West Sumatra, and Central Kalimantan. The crisis has been exacerbated by this year’s prolonged dry season, caused by the El Nino weather phenomenon. Last month, a 2-year-old child and a 15-year-old student from Jambi also died after experiencing acute respiratory infections (ISPA).

28. What is the text about?
    1. Health crisis in Indonesia
    2. The cause of air pollution
    3. El-Nino weather phenomenon
    4. Smoke disaster triggers health crisis
29. The main cause of Iqbal's losing his life is ....
    1. Too late to have proper treatment
    2. Difficulties to breathe
    3. Respiratory failure
    4. Plantation fire
30. What can we conclude from the text?
    1. The affected areas were small Islands.
    2. The cause of health crisis is prolonged dry season.
    3. The effects of a long dry season is dangerous.
    4. The prolonged haze may cause serious health crisis.

Read the following letter to answer questions number 31-33Human Resources Departement Puri Anjasmoro Street Kav. 135 Semarang Dear Mr Peterson, I am writing to you in response to your advertisement for a position as a receptionist, which appeared in the Jawa Pos on Sunday, June 15. As you can see from my enclosed resume, my experience and qualifications match this position’s requirements. I graduated from Vocational High School (SMK) Pelita Karya, majoring in Banking Management, in June 2019. I had an experience as an apprentice for 4 months in Citra Jaya Corp. as a receptionist. It gave me the opportunity to work under high-pressure in a team. I believe my experience in this field would be useful for me to contribute to your company. I am also able to work using Microsoft’s Office Suite. Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to having the opportunity for an interview. I can be reached via telephone number 031-858564 or by email at ekawida@yahoo.com. Yours Sincerely, Eka Widayanti

31. What is the applicant’s strength to apply for the job?
    1. She had excellent office suite skills.
    2. She can provide exceptional contributions.
    3. She graduated from Banking Management.
    4. She had an internship for a quarter year.
32. Why did Widayanti apply for the position?
    1. She wants to interview people.
    2. She likes to work under pressure.
    3. She wants to be a front office staff.
    4. She seeks opportunity to study about banking.
33. “...., majoring in Banking Management, in June 2019.” (paragraph 2)
    The underlined word is synonymous with ....
    1. Studying
    2. Following
    3. Providing
    4. Enclosing

Read the following text to answer questions number 34-36A camera may work with the light of the visible spectrum or with other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. A still camera is an optical device which creates a single image of an object or scene, and records it on an electronic sensor or photographic film. A shutter mechanism controls the length of time that light can enter the camera. Most photographic cameras have functions that allow a person to view the scene to be recorded, allow for a desired part of the scene to be in focus, and to control the exposure so that it is not too bright or too dim. A display, often a liquid crystal display (LCD), permits the user to view scene to be recorded and settings such as ISO speed, exposure, and shutter speed. A movie camera or a video camera operates similarly to a still camera, except it records a series of static images in rapid succession, commonly at a rate of 24 frames per second. When the images are combined and displayed in order, the illusion of motion is achieved.

34. What does the text tell about?
    1. The function of cameras
    2. The combination of cameras
    3. Information about a camera product
    4. The automation of cameras
35. What is the second paragraph about?
    1. How a movie camera works
    2. How to record static images
    3. Combining and displaying images
    4. How to use the camera
36. The images taken by a camera ... be saved locally and sent to another area
    1. may
    2. shall
    3. must
    4. will

Read the following dialogue to answer questions number 37-38

Soni:	Where were you yesterday morning? I passed by your house but it was so quiet and the door was locked.
Arini:	Oh, we were out. As usual, my family goes jogging on Sunday morning and then we go shopping in the market to buy groceries. After that we go home to do the household chores together. We spend the rest of the day indulging ourselves.

37. What is mainly discussed between the speakers?
    1. Arini's activity on Sundays
    2. Sunday's household chores
    3. Arini's quiet house on Sundays
    4. Sunday activities of Arini's family
38. What does Arini do on Sundays?
    1. She does grocery shopping
    2. She locks the doors of her house
    3. She buys the broom in the market
    4. She does the chores in the market
39. Complete the following dialogue with the most suitable expression.

    Renny:	I didn't meet your mother when I was at your house yesterday.
    Donny:	... with my little sister. It's a weekly routine to buy our food supply.

    1. She visited our grandmother
    2. She was going to the market
    3. She comes to the botanical garden
    4. She worked at the orchards
40. Complete the following dialogue with the most suitable expression.

    Ria:	I think this spicy beef steak is really tasty.
    Tata:	.... It is too hot for me to eat.

    1. No way!
    2. I guess so.
    3. No doubt about it.
    4. I couldn't agree more.
41. Complete the following dialogue with the most suitable expression.

    Hari:	I really want to buy that pretty wallet, but I don't have enough money right now.
    Kayla:	....
    Hari:	No, thanks. I think it's better for me to start saving my money.
    Kayla:	That's very good, then.

    1. Would you like to me to save your money?
    2. Do you mind if I borrow your money?
    3. Do you want to open a saving account?
    4. Would you like me to lend you some?

Read the following dialogue to answer questions number 42-43

Salma:	Have you ever imagined working abroad?
Veni:	Yes. If my English proficiency improves, I will go to an English speaking country.
Salma:	But I think your English is fine. Don't you think so?
Veni:	Yes, but I still need higher TOEIC score.
Salma:	Oh, okay. The bell's ringing. Let's have a break.

42. Where does this conversation take place?
    1. At the cafeteria
    2. At the library
    3. At home
    4. At school
43. What can be concluded from the conversation?
    1. Veni is crazy about living in an English speaking country.
    2. Veni thinks she needs to improve her English proficiency.
    3. Salma plans to travel to some English speaking countries.
    4. Salma needs to study harder to improve her ability.
44. Complete the following dialogue with the most suitable expression.

    Sarah:	What are your plans for the coming holiday?
    Nelly:	Well, ..., I'll travel to Lombok with my friends. I really want to see the famous Pink beach
    Sarah:	Wow, that sounds great.

    1. If my parents allow me
    2. If I had more holidays
    3. If you go to the beach
    4. If I had got some days off

Read the following dialogue to answer questions number 45-47

Baim:	I am planning to purchase a motorcycle tomorrow, but I'm still confused what to buy. Do you have any recommendation?
Mario:	I think, you should buy a DVX motor. It has good performance.
Baim:	What about RHV?
Mario:	For an affordable price and a powerful machine, RHV is a good choice.
Baim:	Okay, thanks a lot for your advice. I think I have made up my mind.

45. What will Baim most likely do after hearing Mario's advice?
    1. Baim will quickly choose RHV.
    2. Baim will right away sell DVX.
    3. Baim will go to the desirable dealer.
    4. Baim will create leaflets of both brands.
46. Mario recommends DVX motor to Baim because ....
    1. Mario knows that Baim's fund is very limited.
    2. Mario personally prefers DVX to RHV motor.
    3. Mario knows motorcycle better than Baim.
    4. Mario thinks that performance is important.
47. “For an affordable price and powerful machine ....”
    The underlined word is closest in meaning to ....
    1. Manageable
    2. Preferable
    3. Reasonable
    4. Reduced
48. Complete the following dialogue with the most suitable expression.

    Aryo:	Hi Mike, have you done your report?
    Mike:	No, I haven't. My computer is broken.
    Aryo:	.... I'll try to fix it.
    Mike:	That'll be great. Thanks, Aryo.

    1. Will it be all right if you check it?
    2. Would you mind checking it?
    3. Would you like me to check it?
    4. Will it be OK if I use it?
49. Complete the following dialogue with the most suitable expression.

    Teacher:	Have you done your project?
    Students:	Yes, Sir.
    Teacher:	Please bring it tomorrow because ....

    1. It was going to be checked
    2. It should have been submitted
    3. It is being done
    4. It will be scored
50. Complete the following dialogue with the most suitable expression.

    Arif:	Where are you going, Burhan?
    Burhan:	I am going to my friend's house.
    Arif:	Don't you have homework? ....
    Burhan:	I guess you're right. Thank you for reminding me.

    1. Let's go together, then.
    2. Why do you want to go there?
    3. Why don't you do it before going out?
    4. How about going out together?

^{Prev: BSE SMK XI 061911 19:52 1707}

Read and practice the dialogue below.

Wendy:	When you were a boy, Paul, where did you live? What were your hobbies? Tell me everything.
Paul:	Well, Wendy, there isn't much to tell. When I was boy, my family used to live in the country - about a hundred miles from the city.
Wendy:	I didn't know you used to live in the country!
Paul:	You've never asked me about it before.
Wendy:	But my family used to live in the country too, Paul. And we lived about a hundred miles from the city too! Where did you use to live?
Paul:	Oh, I used to live at Wyanna.
Wendy:	At Wyanna? We used to live at Listerton. That's only a few miles from Wyanna!
Paul:	Fancy that! As a matter of fact, I used to go to the Listerton school. I used to travel to school by bus every day.
Wendy:	And I used to go to the Listerton school too, of course. I used to ride my bicycle to school every day. Think of it, Paul! We used to go to the same school, but we didn't know one another in those days.
Paul:	No, we didn't. You must have been in a different class. Oh, I used to enjoy travelling by bus. A lot of children from Wyanna used to travel to school by bus every day, and we used to sing songs in the bus. And we used to whistle too!
Wendy:	Oh, the poor bus-driver! I enjoyed riding my bicycle to school. I used to ride to school with several other children, and we used to play games on the way to school.
Paul:	What sort of games did you play?
Wendy:	Oh, we used to count the number of cars we saw, or the number of horses, or something like that. They were very simple games. And we often used to whistle and sing, of course.
Paul:	After school, I used to like making things in my father's workshop. I had my own hammer and my own saw, and I never used my father's tools, because he said I wasn't used to expensive tools .... What did you do after school, Wendy?
Wendy:	Oh, I used to read books, or play with my dolls. I used to water the garden every day for my father. I'd forgotten that! I never water the garden now. I wonder if Daddy remembers that I watered it every day at Listerton.
Paul:	Well, I never make things now. I haven't used a hammer or a saw for many years. Now I'm a university student. I don't have time for things like that.
Wendy:	Well, I used to like living in the country, but I'm used to the city now.
Paul:	I liked the country too, but now I'm used to lectures and essays and examinations!
Wendy:	Would you like to go back to Wyanna and Listerton for a holiday one day?
Paul:	I wouldn't mind a holiday there, but I suppose everything is different now.

^{(Adapted from: English For You - Radio Australia, Lesson No. 97)}

1. What is the topic of the above conversation?
2. Where does the conversation probably take place?
3. What is the most probable relationship between the speakers?
4. Before the conversation, did the speakers know that they used to go to the same school?
5. How did Wendy and Paul use to travel to school?
6. What did they use to do on the way to school?
7. What did they use to do after school?
8. Why did Paul never use his father's tools?
9. What is their opinion about living in the country?
10. Please copy all the sentences with "used to" and "be used to", and note how they are different in structure and meaning.You may refer to THIS PAGE.

^{PV 2698}

In English Dialogue: Expressing Past Probability With Modals + Perfective, you have noticed the use of modals + perfective in English conversation. Let's take another look at the following sentences:

• I must have forgotten to take my umbrella.
• I might have lost it anywhere.
• How could you have lost it?
• I may have left it in the coffee lounge.
• You should have been more careful.

Do you understand what the above sentences mean? Do you know how to make a sentence with similar structure to those? Let's learn more about it here.

1. The Structure of Modals + Perfective

1. Affirmative / positive sentence:

Subject	Modals	have	past participle
I We You They He She It Etc.	may might ought to must could should	have	been slept arrived finished forgotten left gone Etc.

2. Interrogative sentence / question:

Question words	Modals	Subject	have	past participle
Who What How Where When Etc.	may might must could should	I we you they he she it Etc.	have	been? slept? arrived? finished? forgotten? left? gone? Etc.

3. Negative sentence:

Subject	Modals + not	have	past participle
I We You They He She It Etc.	may not might not ought not to must not (mustn't) could not (couldn't) should not (shouldn't) needn't	have	been slept arrived finished forgotten left gone Etc.

2. The Uses of Modals + Perfective

• May have past participle expresses less than 50% certainty.
  Example: I may have left my umbrella in the coffee lounge.
• Might have past participle expresses less than 50% certainty.
  Example: I might have lost it anywhere.
• Ought to have past participle expresses:
  • advisability
    Example: You ought to have talked to your manager, but you didn't.
  • 90% certainty/expectation
    Example: She ought to have done well in the test because she was well prepared.
• Must have past participle expresses 95% certainty/logical conclusion
  Example: You must have lost your umbrella, not your briefcase.
• Could have past participle expresses:
  • less than 50% certainty
    Example: I suppose someone could have picked it up before I rang.
  • unfulfilled suggestion (positive sentence only)
    Example: You could have talked to me before making the decision.
  • impossibility (negative only)
    Example: He couldn't have done such a silly thing.
• Should have past participle expresses:
  • advisability/unfulfilled expectation
    Example: He should have worked harder for the test, but he didn't.
  • 90% certainty/expectation
    Example: She should have done well in the test because she was well prepared.
• Needn't have past participle expresses lack of necessity.
  Example: You needn't have worried all day.

3. The examples of Modals + Perfective in dialogues

Practice this dialogue and pay attention to what modal + perfective structures imply.

Barbara: Yesterday I walked home from work, because I had no money for the bus.
Bill: You needn't have walked home yesterday. I could have lent you some money.
Barbara: I didn't like to borrow money from you.
Bill: Oh, but you should have asked me.

1. Choose the best answer to complete the dialogues.

1. Tom: Where was Mary yesterday? She wasn't at work.
   Bob: She ... sick yesterday.
   1. must have been
   2. needn't have been
2. Lucy: Betty isn't home.
   Ann: She ... to the shops.
   1. may have gone
   2. needn't have gone
3. Andy: Bob hasn't arrived yet.
   Bill: He ... in a traffic jam at this busy hour.
   1. ought to have been caught
   2. could have been caught
4. Lisa: I didn't know that the meeting would be postponed to next week.
   Mary: Yes. You ... the room today.
   1. might not have prepared
   2. needn't have prepared
5. Hadi: I think I've lost my key. I put it in my pocket after locking the room.
   Mary: You ... it anywhere.
   1. must have dropped
   2. should have dropped
6. Betty: He hasn't arrived yet. I assume he's lost his way.
   Rosa: I think so. He ... his way.
   1. must have lost
   2. needn't have lost
7. Jim: Nancy hasn't received the email.
   Bill: Really? It ... to the wrong address.
   1. ought to have gone
   2. may have gone
8. Dave: Bella didn't call her office when she was away from work yesterday.
   Gary: That was bad. She ... her boss.
   1. must have informed
   2. should have informed
9. Sam: I worked until late last night.
   Greg: You ... so hard. The report is due next week.
   1. could have worked
   2. needn't have worked
10. Rea: Did she phone the police?
    Lori: No. She ..., but she didn't.
    1. must have phoned
    2. could have phoned

2. Change the verbs

Change the verbs in he following sentences to indicate past time by using modal + perfective (modal + have + past participle). Number 1 has been done as an example.

1. That must be a very interesting play.
   That must have been a very interesting play.
2. Joan may not remember the number.
3. John might forget to do the shopping.
4. He needn't do that job.
5. You could borrow my laptop.
6. She should get to work on time.
7. They ought to tell me.
8. You needn't shout so loudly.
9. He should knock at the door before coming in.
10. She may know the answer.

^{Prev: BSE SMK Kelas XII, 7/3/11, 10:34 AM, PV 2042}

Are you familiar with the structure of these sentences?

• You should have informed me earlier.
• How could you have done that to him?
• They might have lost their way in the forest.

Pay attention to the underlined phrases in the above sentences. They are often referred to as "modal + perfective", and are used to express various degrees of certainty, prabibility, or advisability in the past. You can learn more about the structure and uses here.

A. Practice the dialogue below.

Betty is waiting for Jim to come home from work. It is raining outside and it is dark, and Betty is worried about Jim. Then she hears a car stopping.

Betty	Ah! That must be Jim now. I'll open the door for him .... Hello, darling. Oh! Your clothes are so wet.
Jim	Yes, darling. I forgot to take my umbrella today.
Betty	But it was raining a little this morning when you left for work.
Jim	I know, but I must have forgotten to take my umbrella.
Betty	What a pity! Never mind, go and put on some dry clothes.
Jim	I'll put on some dry clothes in a minute, Betty. At the moment I'm very worried.
Betty	Why, darling?
Jim	Because I've lost my briefcase.
Betty	Oh, Jim. That's bad luck! Do you know where you lost it?
Jim	No, that's the trouble. I might have lost it anywhere.
Betty	But a briefcase is quite a large thing. How could you have lost it?
Jim	I don't know. I may have left it in the coffee lounge where I had a cup of coffee this morning.
Betty	Why don't you phone the coffee lounge?
Jim	I phoned them this afternoon, but it wasn't there. I suppose someone could have picked it up before I rang.
Betty	I suppose so. Did you look in other places in your office? You might have put it in a different place.
Jim	I don't think so, Betty. I thought I might have put it in a different place in the office, but we all looked for it and we couldn't find it.
Betty	And was there anything very important in your briefcase, Jim?
Jim	Yes, unfortunately. I had the plans of a new bridge in it.
Betty	Oh, Jim! If you had important plans in your briefcase, you should have been more careful!
Jim	Yes, you're quite right! ... Oh well, I suppose I'd better put some dry clothes on.
Betty	Now, Jim, you must hurry. You should have put dry clothes on as soon as you came home. Why didn't you take your umbrella? Now hurry and change your clothes.
Jim	All right, Betty. I won't be long ... Betty! I didn't lose my briefcase after all! Here it is! I must have forgotten to take it this morning.
Betty	Oh, I'm so glad. So you needn't have worried all day. You didn't lose anything. That's good.
Jim	But - er, - Betty! I - er - must have taken my umbrella after all, because it isn't there now.
Betty	Oh dear! You are silly sometimes, Jim. You must have lost your umbrella, not your briefcase.

(Adapted from: Radio Australia - English for You, Lesson No. 96)

Answer the following questions

1. What is the main topic of the above conversation?
2. Betty said, "But it was raining a little this morning when you left for work."
   What did Betty most probably mean? Choose the best answer.
   1. She suggested that Jim should bring his umbrella with him.
   2. Jim shouldn't have left for work because of the rain.
   3. It was very unlikely that Jim had left his umbrella at home.
   4. It was probable that Jim had left his umbrella in his office.
3. Why was Jim very worried?
4. What was in his briefcase?
5. Jim said, "I may have left it in the coffee lounge ...."
   What does Jim's sentence imply? Choose the best answer.
   1. He felt he should not leave his briefcase in the coffee lounge.
   2. He was sure that he may leave his briefcase in the coffee lounge.
   3. It was certain that he had not left his briefcase in the coffee lounge.
   4. He thought he had possibly left his briefcase in the coffee lounge.
6. Did Jim really lose his briefcase? Where did he find it at last?
7. What actually happened with his briefcase?
8. What did he actually lose?
9. What must have happened with the umbrella?
10. Please copy all the italicized verbs and indicate whether they express certainty, probability, or advisability.

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